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he is in a position to influence opinion

  • 1 opinion

    ə'pinjən
    1) (what a person thinks or believes: My opinions about education have changed.) opinión
    2) (a (professional) judgement, usually of a doctor, lawyer etc: He wanted a second opinion on his illness.) opinión
    3) (what one thinks of the worth or value of someone or something: I have a very high opinion of his work.) opinión
    - be of the opinion that
    - be of the opinion
    - in my
    - your opinion
    - a matter of opinion

    opinion n opinión
    what's your opinion of the new manager? ¿qué opinas del nuevo gerente?


    opinión sustantivo femenino opinion; cambió de opinión he changed his mind; la opinión pública public opinion
    opinión sustantivo femenino opinion: siempre está cambiando de opinión, she's always changing her mind ' opinión' also found in these entries: Spanish: adherirse - antinuclear - apoyarse - apreciación - asesorar - aventurar - cambio - certera - certero - concepto - consejo - criterio - decantar - decir - discutible - disidencia - ecuánime - emitir - encuesta - entender - fama - idea - impresión - incluso - judicatura - juicio - manifestar - - opinar - opositor - opositora - opuesta - opuesto - para - parecer - pericial - prender - previa - previo - pronunciarse - prospección - prudente - pulsar - ratificar - según - sentir - sesgar - solicitar - someter - sondeo English: about-face - about-turn - advance - adverse - approve of - argue - belief - book - change - colour - currency - current - dead - decided - differ - discount - editorial - esteem - estimation - feeling - find - frank - glowing - groundswell - high - inflated - initially - judge - judgement - judgment - like-minded - low - mind - minority - mirror - misguided - mixed - moderate - one-sided - opinion - opinion poll - opposing - opposite - outlook - partisan - poll - position - prerogative - prevail - prevailing
    tr[ə'pɪnɪən]
    what's your opinion of the new goalkeeper? ¿qué opinas del nuevo portero?
    2 (evaluation, estimation) opinión nombre femenino, concepto
    3 (professional judgement, advice) opinión nombre femenino profesional
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    in my opinion en mi opinión, a mi juicio, a mi parecer
    to be of the opinion that... opinar que...
    to have a high/low opinion of somebody tener buen/mal concepto de alguien
    opinion poll encuesta
    opinion [ə'pɪnjən] n
    : opinión f
    n.
    concepto s.m.
    consulta s.f.
    dictamen s.m.
    entender s.m.
    idea s.f.
    juicio s.m.
    opinión s.f.
    parecer s.m.
    sentir s.m.
    vista s.f.
    voz (Voto) s.f.
    ə'pɪnjən
    1) c ( belief) opinión f

    what's your opinion? — ¿qué opinas?, ¿qué te parece?, ¿cuál es tu opinión or parecer?

    to be of the opinion that — ser* de la opinión or del parecer de que

    in my opinion — en mi opinión, a mi parecer, a mi juicio

    opinion ON o ABOUT something — opinión sobre or acerca de algo

    opinion OF something/somebody: what's your opinion of the plan/of Robinson? ¿qué opina del plan/de Robinson?, ¿qué opinión le merece el plan/Robinson?; to have a good o high/poor o low opinion of something/somebody — tener* buena/mala opinión de algo/alguien

    2) c (evaluation, judgment) opinión f
    3) u ( of body of people) opinión f
    [ǝ'pɪnjǝn]
    1. N
    1) (=belief, view) opinión f

    what's your opinion of him? — ¿qué opinas de él?, ¿qué opinión te merece?

    what's your opinion of this book? — ¿qué opinas de este libro?, ¿qué opinión te merece este libro?

    well, that's my opinion — por lo menos eso pienso yo

    to ask sb's opinion (on or about sth) — pedir a algn su opinión or parecer (sobre or acerca de algo)

    when I want your opinion I'll ask for it! — ¡cuando quiera saber tu opinión, te la pediré!

    if you ask my opinion, he's hiding something — mi opinión es que está ocultando algo

    there are differences of opinion as to what happened — hay discordancia or discrepancia de opiniones respecto a lo que pasó

    to form an opinion of sth/sb — formarse una opinión sobre algo/algn

    to have or hold an opinion on or about sth — tener una opinión sobre or acerca de algo

    she held the opinion that... — opinaba que...

    to have a high or good opinion of sth/sb — tener un alto concepto de algo/algn, tener muy buena opinión de algo/algn

    to have a poor or low opinion of sth/sb — tener un bajo concepto de algo/algn, tener muy mala opinión de algo/algn

    I haven't much of an opinion of him — no tengo un alto concepto de él, no tengo muy buena opinión de él

    in my opinion — en mi opinión, a mi juicio

    it's a matter of opinion — es cuestión de opiniones

    to be of the opinion that... — opinar que...

    2) (=judgment) opinión f

    we need an expert opinion — necesitamos la opinión de un experto

    could you give us your professional opinion? — ¿nos puede dar su opinión (como) profesional?

    to seek a second opinion — pedir una segunda opinión

    3) (=the prevailing view) opinión f

    he is in a position to influence opinion — está en una posición en la que puede ejercer influencia sobre las opiniones

    medical opinion was divided over the case — la opinión médica estaba dividida con respecto al caso

    they are trying to turn world opinion against the United States — están intentando poner al mundo entero en contra de Estados Unidos

    consensus, public 3.
    2.
    CPD

    opinion former, opinion maker Nformador(a) m / f de opinión

    opinion poll Nsondeo m (de opinión)

    opinion survey Nencuesta f de opinión

    * * *
    [ə'pɪnjən]
    1) c ( belief) opinión f

    what's your opinion? — ¿qué opinas?, ¿qué te parece?, ¿cuál es tu opinión or parecer?

    to be of the opinion that — ser* de la opinión or del parecer de que

    in my opinion — en mi opinión, a mi parecer, a mi juicio

    opinion ON o ABOUT something — opinión sobre or acerca de algo

    opinion OF something/somebody: what's your opinion of the plan/of Robinson? ¿qué opina del plan/de Robinson?, ¿qué opinión le merece el plan/Robinson?; to have a good o high/poor o low opinion of something/somebody — tener* buena/mala opinión de algo/alguien

    2) c (evaluation, judgment) opinión f
    3) u ( of body of people) opinión f

    English-spanish dictionary > opinion

  • 2 opinión

    f.
    opinion, notion, conviction, belief.
    * * *
    1 (juicio) opinion, view
    en mi opinión in my opinion, in my view
    \
    cambiar de opinión to change one's mind
    la opinión pública public opinion
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF opinion, view

    ser de la opinión (de) que... — to be of the opinion that..., take the view that...

    * * *
    femenino opinion

    ¿cuál es tu opinión sobre el programa? — what do you think of the program?

    * * *
    = claim, contention, feedback, judgement [judgment], regard, view, say, voice, perception.
    Ex. The final justification is to be found in the claim that SLIS provide a form of information education that is not provided elsewhere.
    Ex. The main contentions are that it would serve both the long-term interests of authors and publishers and the interests of users of information.
    Ex. The statements are framed one at a time, and feedback is available at each stage, hence the term 'interactive searching'.
    Ex. In my judgment, these changes will come about in one of two ways.
    Ex. Their sheer institutional standing and regard have had a bearing upon the creation of a situation which is a good deal better than it might otherwise have been.
    Ex. There is an alternative method for the design of subject retrieval devices, and that is to build languages or schemes which depend upon some theoretical views about the nature and structure of knowledge.
    Ex. I've seen people clamor for a say and when it's given to them they don't take it.
    Ex. I am particularly interested in hearing from practicing music and digital librarians, those in industry, and those who have had experience with other evaluation programmes, though all voices are welcomed.
    Ex. Nevertheless, citation indexes do seek to link documents according to their content (or at least the perception of their content held by the author of the source work).
    ----
    * a la opinión pública = in the public eye.
    * ante la opinión pública = in the public eye.
    * apoyar un opinión = support + contention.
    * artículo de opinión = discussion article, discussion paper, opinion article, feature article, opinion piece, op-ed.
    * atrincherado en las opiniones de Uno = set in + Posesivo + opinions.
    * cambiar de opinión = change + Posesivo + mind, change + feet, change + Posesivo + tune.
    * cambiar de opinión a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.
    * cambio de opinión = change of heart, change of mind.
    * columna de opinión = op-ed.
    * compartir la opinión de que = share + the view that.
    * dar la opinión sobre = give + opinion on.
    * dar una opinión = offer + opinion.
    * de acuerdo con + Posesivo + opinión = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * defender un opinión = support + view.
    * diferencia de opinión (sobre) = difference of opinion (on).
    * diferencias de opinión = shades of opinion.
    * discrepacia de opiniones = conflict of opinions.
    * divergencia de opinión = divergence of opinion.
    * división de opiniones = division of opinion, split decision, divided opinions.
    * documento de opinión = discussion document.
    * empresa dedicada a los sondeos de opinión = polling firm, polling agency.
    * en contra de la opinión general = contrary to popular belief.
    * en la opinión de = in the opinion of.
    * en mi opinión = to my mind, in my opinion, to the best of my knowledge, in my view, to my knowledge, in my books.
    * en + Posesivo + opinión = to + Posesivo + mind.
    * escuchar la opinión de Alguien = hear + opinion.
    * es mi opinión = my two cents' worth.
    * expresar la opinión = volunteer + view.
    * expresar la opinión de uno = make + Posesivo + feelings known, put + viewpoint across.
    * expresar la opinión de uno sobre = give + Posesivo + thoughts on.
    * expresar opinión = express + view.
    * expresar opinión (sobre) = express + opinion (on).
    * expresar + Posesivo + opinión = find + Posesivo + (own) voice, find + voice, find + a voice.
    * expresar una opinión = voice + opinion.
    * expresar una opinión sobre = state + opinion on, venture + opinion on.
    * formarse una opinión = form + impression.
    * grupo de opinión = focus group.
    * haber división de opiniones = be split on, opinion + be divided.
    * haber división de opiniones entre los críticos = critics + be divided.
    * influir en la opinión pública = shape + public opinion, influence + public opinion.
    * intercambiar opiniones = exchange + views, share + opinions.
    * intercambio de opiniones sobre = exchange of opinion on.
    * la opinión de otra persona = a second opinion.
    * líder de opinión = opinion leader.
    * manipular la opinión = manipulate + opinion.
    * mantener una opinión = hold + view, hold + opinion.
    * mi opinión = my two cents' worth.
    * moldear la opinión pública = mould + public opinion.
    * ofrecer una opinión = offer + opinion.
    * opinión consensuada = consensus of opinion.
    * opinión de la mayoría = majority opinion.
    * opiniones diferentes = contrasting opinions.
    * opiniones diversas = mixed reactions, mixed reviews.
    * opiniones divididas = divided opinions.
    * opiniones opuestas = contrasting opinions.
    * opinión + estar dividida = opinion + be divided.
    * opinión general = consensus, consensus of opinion, accepted wisdom, conventional wisdom.
    * opinión general, la = received wisdom, the.
    * opinión generalmente aceptada = conventional wisdom.
    * opinión mayoritaria = majority opinion.
    * opinión personal = personal opinion.
    * opinión pública = outside-world, public opinion.
    * opinión pública, la = public mind, the.
    * opinión (sobre) = opinion (on).
    * pedir la opinión sobre = ask for + opinion on.
    * recabar la opinión = canvass + opinion.
    * recabar la opinión pública = gauge + public opinion.
    * recabar la opinión sobre = gauge + opinion on.
    * recabar opiniones = solicit + input.
    * recabar opinión sobre = elicit + opinion on.
    * recabar + Posesivo + opinión = gauge + Posesivo + reaction.
    * recabar una opinión = solicit + opinion.
    * recibir opiniones diversas = receive + mixed reviews.
    * reservarse la opinión = reserve + judgement.
    * respaldar una opinión = buttress + claim, support + view.
    * según la opinión de = in the opinion of.
    * según mi opinión = to the best of my knowledge.
    * según + Posesivo + opinión = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * ser de la opinión de que = be of the opinion that, be of the view that.
    * sondear la opinión pública = gauge + public opinion.
    * sondear la opinión sobre = gauge + opinion on.
    * sondeo de opinión = opinion poll, Gallup poll, perceptions study, opinion polling.
    * sondeo de opinión por teléfono = telephone opinion poll.
    * sondeo de opinión pública = public opinion poll.
    * sondeo informal de opinión = straw poll.
    * sostener la opinión = argue.
    * sostener una opinión = hold + view, hold + opinion.
    * tener derecho a expresar + Posesivo + opinión = be entitled to + Posesivo + own opinion.
    * tener la opinión = it + be + Posesivo + understanding.
    * tener opinión = take + view.
    * tener una opinión = take + viewpoint, hold + view, hold + opinion.
    * tener una opinión sobre = have + an opinion on.
    * una segunda opinión = a second opinion.
    * * *
    femenino opinion

    ¿cuál es tu opinión sobre el programa? — what do you think of the program?

    * * *
    opinión (sobre)

    Ex: A reputable supplier will readily provide names of former customers who may be contacted for their opinions on service, support and maintenance.

    = claim, contention, feedback, judgement [judgment], regard, view, say, voice, perception.

    Ex: The final justification is to be found in the claim that SLIS provide a form of information education that is not provided elsewhere.

    Ex: The main contentions are that it would serve both the long-term interests of authors and publishers and the interests of users of information.
    Ex: The statements are framed one at a time, and feedback is available at each stage, hence the term 'interactive searching'.
    Ex: In my judgment, these changes will come about in one of two ways.
    Ex: Their sheer institutional standing and regard have had a bearing upon the creation of a situation which is a good deal better than it might otherwise have been.
    Ex: There is an alternative method for the design of subject retrieval devices, and that is to build languages or schemes which depend upon some theoretical views about the nature and structure of knowledge.
    Ex: I've seen people clamor for a say and when it's given to them they don't take it.
    Ex: I am particularly interested in hearing from practicing music and digital librarians, those in industry, and those who have had experience with other evaluation programmes, though all voices are welcomed.
    Ex: Nevertheless, citation indexes do seek to link documents according to their content (or at least the perception of their content held by the author of the source work).
    * a la opinión pública = in the public eye.
    * ante la opinión pública = in the public eye.
    * apoyar un opinión = support + contention.
    * artículo de opinión = discussion article, discussion paper, opinion article, feature article, opinion piece, op-ed.
    * atrincherado en las opiniones de Uno = set in + Posesivo + opinions.
    * cambiar de opinión = change + Posesivo + mind, change + feet, change + Posesivo + tune.
    * cambiar de opinión a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.
    * cambio de opinión = change of heart, change of mind.
    * columna de opinión = op-ed.
    * compartir la opinión de que = share + the view that.
    * dar la opinión sobre = give + opinion on.
    * dar una opinión = offer + opinion.
    * de acuerdo con + Posesivo + opinión = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * defender un opinión = support + view.
    * diferencia de opinión (sobre) = difference of opinion (on).
    * diferencias de opinión = shades of opinion.
    * discrepacia de opiniones = conflict of opinions.
    * divergencia de opinión = divergence of opinion.
    * división de opiniones = division of opinion, split decision, divided opinions.
    * documento de opinión = discussion document.
    * empresa dedicada a los sondeos de opinión = polling firm, polling agency.
    * en contra de la opinión general = contrary to popular belief.
    * en la opinión de = in the opinion of.
    * en mi opinión = to my mind, in my opinion, to the best of my knowledge, in my view, to my knowledge, in my books.
    * en + Posesivo + opinión = to + Posesivo + mind.
    * escuchar la opinión de Alguien = hear + opinion.
    * es mi opinión = my two cents' worth.
    * expresar la opinión = volunteer + view.
    * expresar la opinión de uno = make + Posesivo + feelings known, put + viewpoint across.
    * expresar la opinión de uno sobre = give + Posesivo + thoughts on.
    * expresar opinión = express + view.
    * expresar opinión (sobre) = express + opinion (on).
    * expresar + Posesivo + opinión = find + Posesivo + (own) voice, find + voice, find + a voice.
    * expresar una opinión = voice + opinion.
    * expresar una opinión sobre = state + opinion on, venture + opinion on.
    * formarse una opinión = form + impression.
    * grupo de opinión = focus group.
    * haber división de opiniones = be split on, opinion + be divided.
    * haber división de opiniones entre los críticos = critics + be divided.
    * influir en la opinión pública = shape + public opinion, influence + public opinion.
    * intercambiar opiniones = exchange + views, share + opinions.
    * intercambio de opiniones sobre = exchange of opinion on.
    * la opinión de otra persona = a second opinion.
    * líder de opinión = opinion leader.
    * manipular la opinión = manipulate + opinion.
    * mantener una opinión = hold + view, hold + opinion.
    * mi opinión = my two cents' worth.
    * moldear la opinión pública = mould + public opinion.
    * ofrecer una opinión = offer + opinion.
    * opinión consensuada = consensus of opinion.
    * opinión de la mayoría = majority opinion.
    * opiniones diferentes = contrasting opinions.
    * opiniones diversas = mixed reactions, mixed reviews.
    * opiniones divididas = divided opinions.
    * opiniones opuestas = contrasting opinions.
    * opinión + estar dividida = opinion + be divided.
    * opinión general = consensus, consensus of opinion, accepted wisdom, conventional wisdom.
    * opinión general, la = received wisdom, the.
    * opinión generalmente aceptada = conventional wisdom.
    * opinión mayoritaria = majority opinion.
    * opinión personal = personal opinion.
    * opinión pública = outside-world, public opinion.
    * opinión pública, la = public mind, the.
    * opinión (sobre) = opinion (on).
    * pedir la opinión sobre = ask for + opinion on.
    * recabar la opinión = canvass + opinion.
    * recabar la opinión pública = gauge + public opinion.
    * recabar la opinión sobre = gauge + opinion on.
    * recabar opiniones = solicit + input.
    * recabar opinión sobre = elicit + opinion on.
    * recabar + Posesivo + opinión = gauge + Posesivo + reaction.
    * recabar una opinión = solicit + opinion.
    * recibir opiniones diversas = receive + mixed reviews.
    * reservarse la opinión = reserve + judgement.
    * respaldar una opinión = buttress + claim, support + view.
    * según la opinión de = in the opinion of.
    * según mi opinión = to the best of my knowledge.
    * según + Posesivo + opinión = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * ser de la opinión de que = be of the opinion that, be of the view that.
    * sondear la opinión pública = gauge + public opinion.
    * sondear la opinión sobre = gauge + opinion on.
    * sondeo de opinión = opinion poll, Gallup poll, perceptions study, opinion polling.
    * sondeo de opinión por teléfono = telephone opinion poll.
    * sondeo de opinión pública = public opinion poll.
    * sondeo informal de opinión = straw poll.
    * sostener la opinión = argue.
    * sostener una opinión = hold + view, hold + opinion.
    * tener derecho a expresar + Posesivo + opinión = be entitled to + Posesivo + own opinion.
    * tener la opinión = it + be + Posesivo + understanding.
    * tener opinión = take + view.
    * tener una opinión = take + viewpoint, hold + view, hold + opinion.
    * tener una opinión sobre = have + an opinion on.
    * una segunda opinión = a second opinion.

    * * *
    opinion
    no comparto tu opinión sobre este tema I do not share your view o opinion o I disagree with you on this subject
    ¿cuál es tu opinión sobre el programa? what do you think of the program?
    ¿qué opinión le merece esta nueva producción? ( frml); what is your opinion of this new production?
    en mi opinión fue un error in my opinion it was a mistake
    cambió de opinión he changed his mind
    es de la opinión de que no se les debe pegar a los niños she doesn't believe in hitting children, she is of the opinion that you mustn't hit children
    importantes sectores de opinión piensan que … significant bodies of opinion think that …
    es una cuestión de opinión it's a matter of opinion
    no tengo muy buena opinión de él I don't think very highly of him, I don't have a very high opinion of him
    Compuesto:
    la opinión pública public opinion
    un cambio en la opinión pública a change in public opinion
    no se puede engañar a la opinión pública con falsas promesas you cannot fool people o the public with false promises
    * * *

     

    opinión sustantivo femenino
    opinion;

    cambió de opinión he changed his mind;
    la opinión pública public opinion
    opinión sustantivo femenino opinion: siempre está cambiando de opinión, she's always changing her mind

    ' opinión' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    adherirse
    - antinuclear
    - apoyarse
    - apreciación
    - asesorar
    - aventurar
    - cambio
    - certera
    - certero
    - concepto
    - consejo
    - criterio
    - decantar
    - decir
    - discutible
    - disidencia
    - ecuánime
    - emitir
    - encuesta
    - entender
    - fama
    - idea
    - impresión
    - incluso
    - judicatura
    - juicio
    - manifestar
    -
    - opinar
    - opositor
    - opositora
    - opuesta
    - opuesto
    - para
    - parecer
    - pericial
    - prender
    - previa
    - previo
    - pronunciarse
    - prospección
    - prudente
    - pulsar
    - ratificar
    - según
    - sentir
    - sesgar
    - solicitar
    - someter
    - sondeo
    English:
    about-face
    - about-turn
    - advance
    - adverse
    - approve of
    - argue
    - belief
    - book
    - change
    - colour
    - currency
    - current
    - dead
    - decided
    - differ
    - discount
    - editorial
    - esteem
    - estimation
    - feeling
    - find
    - frank
    - glowing
    - groundswell
    - high
    - inflated
    - initially
    - judge
    - judgement
    - judgment
    - like-minded
    - low
    - mind
    - minority
    - mirror
    - misguided
    - mixed
    - moderate
    - one-sided
    - opinion
    - opinion poll
    - opposing
    - opposite
    - outlook
    - partisan
    - poll
    - position
    - prerogative
    - prevail
    - prevailing
    * * *
    opinion;
    en mi opinión no deberíamos ir in my opinion, we shouldn't go;
    es mi opinión personal that's my personal opinion;
    ¿cuál es tu opinión al respecto? what's your opinion o view on this matter?;
    después de escuchar distintas opiniones sobre el tema… after hearing different views on the matter…;
    compartir una opinión to share a view o an opinion;
    he cambiado de opinión I've changed my mind;
    expresar o [m5] dar una opinión to give an opinion;
    reservarse la opinión to reserve judgment;
    ser de la opinión de que to be of the opinion that;
    ser una cuestión de opinión to be a matter of opinion;
    tener buena/mala opinión de alguien to have a high/low opinion of sb
    la opinión pública public opinion
    * * *
    f opinion;
    la opinión pública public opinion;
    en mi opinión in my opinion;
    tener buena/mala opinión de alguien think highly/little of s.o.
    * * *
    opinión nf, pl - niones : opinion, belief
    * * *
    opinión n opinion / view

    Spanish-English dictionary > opinión

  • 3 hold

    I
    1. həuld past tense, past participle - held; verb
    1) (to have in one's hand(s) or between one's hands: He was holding a knife; Hold that dish with both hands; He held the little boy's hand; He held the mouse by its tail.) tener en las manos, agarrar, asir
    2) (to have in a part, or between parts, of the body, or between parts of a tool etc: He held the pencil in his teeth; She was holding a pile of books in her arms; Hold the stamp with tweezers.) tener; aguantar
    3) (to support or keep from moving, running away, falling etc: What holds that shelf up?; He held the door closed by leaning against it; Hold your hands above your head; Hold his arms so that he can't struggle.) aguantar, soportar
    4) (to remain in position, fixed etc when under strain: I've tied the two pieces of string together, but I'm not sure the knot will hold; Will the anchor hold in a storm?) aguantar
    5) (to keep (a person) in some place or in one's power: The police are holding a man for questioning in connection with the murder; He was held captive.) detener, retener
    6) (to (be able to) contain: This jug holds two pints; You can't hold water in a handkerchief; This drawer holds all my shirts.) tener (una)capacidad de, contener
    7) (to cause to take place: The meeting will be held next week; We'll hold the meeting in the hall.) tener lugar, celebrar, organizar
    8) (to keep (oneself), or to be, in a particular state or condition: We'll hold ourselves in readiness in case you send for us; She holds herself very erect.) mantenerse
    9) (to have or be in (a job etc): He held the position of company secretary for five years.) ocupar, desempeñar, ejercer
    10) (to think strongly; to believe; to consider or regard: I hold that this was the right decision; He holds me (to be) responsible for everyone's mistakes; He is held in great respect; He holds certain very odd beliefs.) creer, considerar, estar seguro
    11) (to continue to be valid or apply: Our offer will hold until next week; These rules hold under all circumstances.) ser válido, tener validez
    12) ((with to) to force (a person) to do something he has promised to do: I intend to hold him to his promises.) hacer cumplir
    13) (to defend: They held the castle against the enemy.) defender
    14) (not to be beaten by: The general realized that the soldiers could not hold the enemy for long.) resistir (frente)
    15) (to keep (a person's attention): If you can't hold your pupils' attention, you can't be a good teacher.) mantener
    16) (to keep someone in a certain state: Don't hold us in suspense, what was the final decision?) tener
    17) (to celebrate: The festival is held on 24 June.) tener lugar, celebrarse
    18) (to be the owner of: He holds shares in this company.) poseer, tener
    19) ((of good weather) to continue: I hope the weather holds until after the school sports.) mantenerse, aguantar
    20) ((also hold the line) (of a person who is making a telephone call) to wait: Mr Brown is busy at the moment - will you hold or would you like him to call you back?) esperar, aguardar
    21) (to continue to sing: Please hold that note for four whole beats.) aguantar
    22) (to keep (something): They'll hold your luggage at the station until you collect it.) guardar
    23) ((of the future) to be going to produce: I wonder what the future holds for me?) deparar

    2. noun
    1) (the act of holding: He caught/got/laid/took hold of the rope and pulled; Keep hold of that rope.) control; asimiento
    2) (power; influence: He has a strange hold over that girl.) dominio, influencia
    3) ((in wrestling etc) a manner of holding one's opponent: The wrestler invented a new hold.) llave
    - - holder
    - hold-all
    - get hold of
    - hold back
    - hold down
    - hold forth
    - hold good
    - hold it
    - hold off
    - hold on
    - hold out
    - hold one's own
    - hold one's tongue
    - hold up
    - hold-up
    - hold with

    II həuld noun
    ((in ships) the place, below the deck, where cargo is stored.) bodega
    hold1 n bodega
    to get hold of something coger algo / agarrar algo
    hold2 vb
    1. sostener / tener en la mano
    can you hold my camera, please? ¿me aguantas la cámara, por favor?
    2. coger / sujetar
    hold it tight! ¡sujétalo fuerte!
    3. tener una capacidad / tener cabida
    the stadium holds 100,000 people el estadio tiene cabida para 100.000 personas
    4. celebrar / dar
    5. tener / ocupar
    tr[həʊld]
    1 (grip) asimiento
    2 (place to grip) asidero
    3 (in ship, plane) bodega
    4 (control) autoridad nombre femenino, control nombre masculino; (influence) influencia
    transitive verb (pt & pp held tr[held])
    1 (keep in one's hand) aguantar, sostener; (grip tightly) agarrar; (support) soportar, aguantar
    3 (contain) dar cabida a, tener capacidad para
    4 figurative use deparar
    I don't know what the future holds for me no sé lo que el futuro me deparará, no sé lo que me espera en el futuro
    5 (meeting) celebrar; (conversation) mantener
    6 (think) creer, considerar
    7 (keep) guardar
    1 (withstand attack, pressure) resistir
    2 (remain true) seguir siendo válido,-a
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to catch hold of agarrar, asir, coger
    to get hold of (grab) agarrar, asir, coger 2 (obtain) hacerse con, encontrar, localizar
    wait till I get hold of you! ¡espera a que te coja!
    to hold one's head high llevar bien alta la cabeza
    to hold somebody abrazar a alguien
    to hold somebody's hand cogerle la mano a alguien
    to hold the road SMALLAUTOMOBILES/SMALL agarrarse a la carretera
    hold ['ho:ld] v, held ['hɛld] ; holding vt
    1) possess: tener
    to hold office: ocupar un puesto
    2) restrain: detener, controlar
    to hold one's temper: controlar su mal genio
    3) clasp, grasp: agarrar, coger
    to hold hands: agarrarse de la mano
    4) : sujetar, mantener fijo
    hold this nail for me: sujétame este clavo
    5) contain: contener, dar cabida a
    6) support: aguantar, sostener
    7) regard: considerar, tener
    he held me responsible: me consideró responsable
    8) conduct: celebrar (una reunión), realizar (un evento), mantener (una conversación)
    hold vi
    1) : aguantar, resistir
    the rope will hold: la cuerda resistirá
    2) : ser válido, valer
    my offer still holds: mi oferta todavía es válida
    3)
    to hold forth : perorar, arengar
    4)
    to hold to : mantenerse firme en
    5)
    to hold with : estar de acuerdo con
    hold n
    1) grip: agarre m, llave f (en deportes)
    2) control: control m, dominio m
    3) delay: demora f
    to put on hold: suspender temporalmente
    4) : bodega f (en un barco o un avión)
    5)
    to get hold of : conseguir, localizar
    adj.
    retenido, -a adj.
    n.
    agarradero s.m.
    agarre s.m.
    agarro s.m.
    apresamiento s.m.
    arraigo s.m.
    mango s.m.
    retención s.f. (To contain)
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: held) = caber v.
    (§pres: quepo, cabes...) pret: cup-
    fut/c: cabr-•) (To fit)
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: held) = adherir v. (To hold back)
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: held) = detener v.
    (§pres: -tengo, -tienes...-tenemos) pret: -tuv-
    fut/c: -tendr-•)
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: held) = contener v.
    (§pres: -tengo, -tienes...-tenemos) pret: -tuv-
    fut/c: -tendr-•)
    mantener v.
    (§pres: -tengo, -tienes...-tenemos) pret: -tuv-
    fut/c: -tendr-•)
    retener v.
    (§pres: -tengo, -tienes...-tenemos) pret: -tuv-
    fut/c: -tendr-•)
    soportar v.
    sostener v.
    (§pres: -tengo, -tienes...-tenemos) pret: -tuv-
    fut/c: -tendr-•)
    sujetar v.
    tener v.
    (§pres: tengo, tienes...tenemos) pret: tuv-
    fut/c: tendr-•)

    I
    1. həʊld
    (past & past p held) transitive verb
    1)

    will you hold this for me? — ¿me puedes tener or (esp AmL) agarrar esto por favor?

    b) ( clasp)

    hold it with both handssujétalo or (esp AmL) agárralo con las dos manos

    he was holding her handla tenía agarrada or (esp Esp) cogida de la mano

    hold me tight — abrázame fuerte; own III

    c) ( grip) ( Auto) agarrar, adherirse*

    vehicles which hold the road wellvehículos de buen agarre or que se agarran bien a la carretera

    2)
    a) (support, bear) sostener*, aguantar

    to hold oneself erect — mantenerse* erguido

    b) ( have room for) \<\<cup/jug\>\> tener* una capacidad de; \<\<stadium\>\> tener* capacidad or cabida para
    c) ( contain) contener*

    to hold one's liquor o (BrE) drink — ser* de buen beber, aguantar bien la bebida or (fam) el trago

    d) ( have in store) deparar
    3)
    a) ( keep in position) sujetar, sostener*
    b) ( maintain) \<\<attention/interest\>\> mantener*
    4)
    a) ( keep) \<\<tickets/room\>\> reservar, guardar

    I will hold the money until... — yo me quedaré con el dinero hasta...

    b) (detain, imprison)
    c) ( restrain) detener*

    once she decides to do something, there's no holding her — una vez que decide hacer algo, no hay nada que la detenga

    d) ( control) \<\<troops/rebels\>\> ocupar
    5)
    a) ( have) \<\<passport/ticket/permit\>\> tener*, estar* en posesión de (frml); \<\<degree/shares/property\>\> tener*; \<\<record\>\> ostentar, tener*; \<\<post/position\>\> tener*, ocupar

    he holds the view that... — sostiene que or mantiene que..., es de la opinión de que...

    b) ( consider) considerar; ( assert) sostener*, mantener*

    to hold somebody in high esteem — tener* a alguien en mucha or gran estima

    to hold somebody responsible for something — responsabilizar* a alguien de algo

    c) ( conduct) \<\<meeting/elections\>\> celebrar, llevar a cabo; \<\<demonstration\>\> hacer*; \<\<party\>\> dar*; \<\<conversation\>\> mantener*
    6)
    a) ( stop)
    b) ( omit) (AmE)

    I'll have a hamburger, but hold the mustard — para mí una hamburguesa, pero sin mostaza


    2.
    vi
    1) (clasp, grip)
    2)
    a) ( stay firm) \<\<rope/door\>\> aguantar, resistir
    b) ( continue) \<\<weather\>\> seguir* or continuar* bueno, mantenerse*
    3) ( be true) \<\<idea/analogy\>\> ser* válido
    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    1) u
    a) (grip, grasp)

    to catch o grab o take hold (of something) — agarrar (algo), coger* (algo) (esp Esp); ( so as not to fall etc) agarrarse or asirse (de or a algo)

    to keep hold of something — no soltar* algo

    to get hold of somebody — localizar* or (AmL tb) ubicar* a alguien

    to get hold of something — ( manage to get) conseguir* algo

    where did you get hold of the idea that... ? — ¿de dónde has sacado la idea de que... ?

    b) ( control)

    to keep a firm hold on something — mantener* algo bajo riguroso control

    to get a hold of o on oneself — controlarse

    c) (TV)

    horizontal/vertical hold — control m de imagen horizontal/vertical

    2) c
    a) (in wrestling, judo) llave f

    with no holds barredsin ningún tipo de restricciones

    b) ( in mountaineering) asidero m
    3) c (delay, pause) demora f

    to be on hold\<\<negotiations\>\> estar* en compás de espera; \<\<project\>\> estar* aparcado or en suspenso

    to put something on hold\<\<project\>\> dejar algo aparcado or en suspenso

    4) c (of ship, aircraft) bodega f
    [hǝʊld] (vb: pt, pp held)
    1. N
    1) (=grasp) agarro m, asimiento m

    to catch hold of — coger, agarrar (LAm)

    catch hold! — ¡toma!

    to get hold of — coger, agarrar (LAm); (fig) (=take over) adquirir, apoderarse de; (=obtain) procurarse, conseguir

    where can I get hold of some red paint? — ¿dónde puedo conseguir pintura roja?

    where did you get hold of that? — ¿dónde has adquirido eso?

    where did you get hold of that idea? — ¿de dónde te salió esa idea?

    to get hold of sb — (fig) (=contact) localizar a algn

    to get (a) hold of o.s. — (fig) dominarse

    to have hold of — estar agarrado a

    to keep hold of — seguir agarrado a; (fig) guardar para sí

    to lay hold of — coger, agarrar (LAm)

    on hold, to be on hold — (Telec) estar en espera

    to put sb on hold — (Telec) poner a algn en espera

    to relax one's hold — desasirse (on de)

    to seize hold of — apoderarse de

    to take hold of — coger, agarrar (LAm)

    2) (Mountaineering) asidero m
    3) (Wrestling) presa f, llave f

    with no holds barred — (fig) sin restricción, permitiéndose todo

    4) (fig) (=control, influence) (exerted by person) influencia f, dominio m (on, over sobre); (exerted by habit) arraigo m (on, over en)

    to gain a firm hold over sb — llegar a dominar a algn

    to have a hold on or over sb — dominar a algn, tener dominado a algn

    drink has a hold on him — la bebida está muy arraigada en él, está atrapado por la bebida

    5) (Aer, Naut) bodega f, compartimento m de carga
    2. VT
    1) (=grasp) tener; (=grasp firmly) sujetar; (=take hold of) coger, agarrar (LAm); (=embrace) abrazar

    she came in holding a baby/bunch of flowers — entró con un niño en brazos/con un ramo de flores en las manos

    he was holding her in his arms (romantically) la tenía entre sus brazos

    to hold sth in placesujetar algo en un lugar

    to hold sth tightagarrar algo fuertemente

    nose 1., 1)
    2) (=maintain, keep) [+ attention, interest] mantener; [+ belief, opinion] tener, sostener; [+ note] sostener

    can he hold an audience? — ¿sabe mantener el interés de un público?

    to hold one's head high — mantenerse firme

    to hold the line — (Telec) no colgar

    to hold one's owndefenderse

    to hold sb to his promisehacer que algn cumpla su promesa

    this car holds the road well — este coche se agarra muy bien

    he held us spellboundnos tuvo embelesados

    to hold o.s. uprightmantenerse recto

    3) (=keep back) retener, guardar

    "hold for arrival" — (US) (on letters) "no reexpedir", "reténgase"

    4) (=check, restrain) [+ enemy, breath] contener

    hold it! — ¡para!, ¡espera!

    hold everything! — ¡que se pare todo!

    to hold sb prisonertener preso a algn

    to hold one's tongue — morderse la lengua, callarse la boca

    5) (=possess) [+ post, town, lands] ocupar; [+ passport, ticket, shares, title] tener; (Econ) [+ reserves] tener en reserva, tener guardado; [+ record] ostentar; (Mil) [+ position] mantenerse en

    to hold the fort — (fig) quedarse a cargo

    he holds the key to the mystery — él tiene la clave del misterio

    to hold office — (Pol) ocupar un cargo

    to hold the stage — (fig) dominar la escena

    6) (=contain) contener, tener capacidad or cabida para

    this stadium holds 10,000 people — este estadio tiene capacidad or cabida para 10.000 personas

    what does the future hold? — ¿qué nos reserva el futuro?

    7) (=carry on) [+ conversation] mantener; [+ interview, meeting, election] celebrar; [+ event] realizar; (formally) celebrar

    the meeting will be held on Monday — se celebrará la reunión el lunes, la reunión tendrá lugar el lunes

    to hold a mass — (Rel) celebrar una misa

    8) (=consider, believe) creer, sostener

    to hold that... — creer que..., sostener que...

    I hold that... — yo creo or sostengo que...

    it is held by some that... — hay quien cree que...

    to hold sth dearapreciar mucho algo

    to hold sb dearquerer or apreciar mucho a algn

    to hold sb in high esteemtener a algn en gran or alta estima

    to hold sb guiltyjuzgar a algn culpable

    to hold sb in respecttener respeto a algn

    to hold sb responsible for sth — echar la culpa a algn de algo, hacer a algn responsable de algo

    to hold sth to be truecreer que algo es verdad

    peace 1.
    9) (=bear weight of) soportar
    3. VI
    1) (=stick) pegarse; (=not give way) mantenerse firme, resistir; [weather] continuar, seguir bueno

    to hold firm or fastmantenerse firme

    2) (=be valid) valer, ser valedero
    3) (Telec)

    please hold — no cuelge, por favor

    * * *

    I
    1. [həʊld]
    (past & past p held) transitive verb
    1)

    will you hold this for me? — ¿me puedes tener or (esp AmL) agarrar esto por favor?

    b) ( clasp)

    hold it with both handssujétalo or (esp AmL) agárralo con las dos manos

    he was holding her handla tenía agarrada or (esp Esp) cogida de la mano

    hold me tight — abrázame fuerte; own III

    c) ( grip) ( Auto) agarrar, adherirse*

    vehicles which hold the road wellvehículos de buen agarre or que se agarran bien a la carretera

    2)
    a) (support, bear) sostener*, aguantar

    to hold oneself erect — mantenerse* erguido

    b) ( have room for) \<\<cup/jug\>\> tener* una capacidad de; \<\<stadium\>\> tener* capacidad or cabida para
    c) ( contain) contener*

    to hold one's liquor o (BrE) drink — ser* de buen beber, aguantar bien la bebida or (fam) el trago

    d) ( have in store) deparar
    3)
    a) ( keep in position) sujetar, sostener*
    b) ( maintain) \<\<attention/interest\>\> mantener*
    4)
    a) ( keep) \<\<tickets/room\>\> reservar, guardar

    I will hold the money until... — yo me quedaré con el dinero hasta...

    b) (detain, imprison)
    c) ( restrain) detener*

    once she decides to do something, there's no holding her — una vez que decide hacer algo, no hay nada que la detenga

    d) ( control) \<\<troops/rebels\>\> ocupar
    5)
    a) ( have) \<\<passport/ticket/permit\>\> tener*, estar* en posesión de (frml); \<\<degree/shares/property\>\> tener*; \<\<record\>\> ostentar, tener*; \<\<post/position\>\> tener*, ocupar

    he holds the view that... — sostiene que or mantiene que..., es de la opinión de que...

    b) ( consider) considerar; ( assert) sostener*, mantener*

    to hold somebody in high esteem — tener* a alguien en mucha or gran estima

    to hold somebody responsible for something — responsabilizar* a alguien de algo

    c) ( conduct) \<\<meeting/elections\>\> celebrar, llevar a cabo; \<\<demonstration\>\> hacer*; \<\<party\>\> dar*; \<\<conversation\>\> mantener*
    6)
    a) ( stop)
    b) ( omit) (AmE)

    I'll have a hamburger, but hold the mustard — para mí una hamburguesa, pero sin mostaza


    2.
    vi
    1) (clasp, grip)
    2)
    a) ( stay firm) \<\<rope/door\>\> aguantar, resistir
    b) ( continue) \<\<weather\>\> seguir* or continuar* bueno, mantenerse*
    3) ( be true) \<\<idea/analogy\>\> ser* válido
    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    1) u
    a) (grip, grasp)

    to catch o grab o take hold (of something) — agarrar (algo), coger* (algo) (esp Esp); ( so as not to fall etc) agarrarse or asirse (de or a algo)

    to keep hold of something — no soltar* algo

    to get hold of somebody — localizar* or (AmL tb) ubicar* a alguien

    to get hold of something — ( manage to get) conseguir* algo

    where did you get hold of the idea that... ? — ¿de dónde has sacado la idea de que... ?

    b) ( control)

    to keep a firm hold on something — mantener* algo bajo riguroso control

    to get a hold of o on oneself — controlarse

    c) (TV)

    horizontal/vertical hold — control m de imagen horizontal/vertical

    2) c
    a) (in wrestling, judo) llave f

    with no holds barredsin ningún tipo de restricciones

    b) ( in mountaineering) asidero m
    3) c (delay, pause) demora f

    to be on hold\<\<negotiations\>\> estar* en compás de espera; \<\<project\>\> estar* aparcado or en suspenso

    to put something on hold\<\<project\>\> dejar algo aparcado or en suspenso

    4) c (of ship, aircraft) bodega f

    English-spanish dictionary > hold

  • 4 hold

    I noun
    (of ship) Laderaum, der; (of aircraft) Frachtraum, der
    II 1. transitive verb,
    1) (grasp) halten; (carry) tragen; (keep fast) festhalten
    2) (support) [tragendes Teil:] halten, stützen, tragen [Decke, Dach usw.]; aufnehmen [Gewicht, Kraft]
    3) (keep in position) halten
    4) (grasp to control) halten [Kind, Hund, Zügel]
    5) (keep in particular attitude)

    hold oneself ready or in readiness — sich bereit od. in Bereitschaft halten

    hold one's head high(fig.) (be confident) selbstbewusst sein od. auftreten; (be proud) den Kopf hoch tragen

    6) (contain) enthalten; bergen [Gefahr, Geheimnis]; (be able to contain) fassen [Liter, Personen usw.]

    the room holds ten peoplein dem Raum haben 10 Leute Platz; der Raum bietet 10 Leuten Platz

    hold water[Behälter:] wasserdicht sein; Wasser halten; (fig.) [Argument, Theorie:] stichhaltig sein, hieb- und stichfest sein

    7) (not be intoxicated by)

    he can/can't hold his drink or liquor — er kann etwas/nichts vertragen

    8) (possess) besitzen; haben
    9) (have gained) halten [Rekord]; haben [Diplom, Doktorgrad]
    10) (keep possession of) halten [Stützpunkt, Stadt, Stellung]; (Mus.): (sustain) [aus]halten [Ton]

    hold one's own(fig.) sich behaupten

    hold one's position(fig.) auf seinem Standpunkt beharren

    11) (occupy) innehaben, (geh.) bekleiden [Posten, Amt, Stellung]

    hold officeim Amt sein

    hold the line(Teleph.) am Apparat bleiben

    12) (engross) fesseln, (geh.) gefangen halten [Aufmerksamkeit, Publikum]
    13) (keep in specified condition) halten

    hold the ladder steady — die Leiter festhalten; see also academic.ru/5877/bay">bay III 1.; ransom 1.

    14) (detain) (in custody) in Haft halten, festhalten; (imprison) festsetzen; inhaftieren; (arrest) festnehmen
    15) (oblige to adhere)

    hold somebody to the terms of the contract/to a promise — darauf bestehen, dass jemand sich an die Vertragsbestimmungen hält/dass jemand ein Versprechen hält od. einlöst

    hold one's opponent [to a draw] — ein Unentschieden [gegen den Gegner] halten od. verteidigen

    17) (cause to take place) stattfinden lassen; abhalten [Veranstaltung, Konferenz, Gottesdienst, Sitzung, Prüfung]; veranstalten [Festival, Auktion]; austragen [Meisterschaften]; führen [Unterhaltung, Gespräch, Korrespondenz]; durchführen [Untersuchung]; geben [Empfang]; halten [Vortrag, Rede]
    18) (restrain) [fest]halten

    hold one's fire — [noch] nicht schießen; (fig.): (refrain from criticism) mit seiner Kritik zurückhalten

    19) (coll.): (withhold) zurückhalten

    hold it! — [einen] Moment mal!; see also horse 1)

    20) (think, believe)

    hold a view or an opinion — eine Ansicht haben (on über + Akk.)

    hold that... — dafürhalten, dass...; der Ansicht sein, dass...

    hold somebody/oneself guilty/blameless — jemanden/sich für schuldig/unschuldig halten ( for an + Dat.)

    hold something against somebody — jemandem etwas vorwerfen; see also dear 1. 1); responsible 1)

    2. intransitive verb,
    1) (not give way) [Seil, Nagel, Anker, Schloss, Angeklebtes:] halten; [Damm:] [stand]halten
    2) (remain unchanged) anhalten; [an]dauern; [Wetter:] sich halten, so bleiben; [Angebot, Versprechen:] gelten

    hold to something — bei etwas bleiben; an etwas (Dat.) festhalten

    hold [good or true] — gelten; Gültigkeit haben

    3. noun
    1) (grasp) Griff, der

    grab or seize hold of something — etwas ergreifen

    get or lay or take hold of something — etwas fassen od. packen

    take hold(fig.) sich durchsetzen; [Krankheit:] fortschreiten

    get hold of something(fig.) etwas bekommen od. auftreiben

    get hold of somebody(fig.) jemanden erreichen

    have a hold over somebody — jemanden in der Hand halten; see also catch 1. 1)

    2) (influence) Einfluss, der (on, over auf + Akk.)
    3) (Sport) Griff, der

    there are no holds barred(fig.) alles ist erlaubt

    4) (thing to hold by) Griff, der
    5)

    put on holdauf Eis legen [Plan, Programm]

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - hold back
    - hold down
    - hold forth
    - hold off
    - hold on
    - hold out
    - hold over
    - hold up
    - hold with
    * * *
    I 1. [həuld] past tense, past participle - held; verb
    1) (to have in one's hand(s) or between one's hands: He was holding a knife; Hold that dish with both hands; He held the little boy's hand; He held the mouse by its tail.) halten
    2) (to have in a part, or between parts, of the body, or between parts of a tool etc: He held the pencil in his teeth; She was holding a pile of books in her arms; Hold the stamp with tweezers.) halten
    3) (to support or keep from moving, running away, falling etc: What holds that shelf up?; He held the door closed by leaning against it; Hold your hands above your head; Hold his arms so that he can't struggle.) halten
    4) (to remain in position, fixed etc when under strain: I've tied the two pieces of string together, but I'm not sure the knot will hold; Will the anchor hold in a storm?) halten
    5) (to keep (a person) in some place or in one's power: The police are holding a man for questioning in connection with the murder; He was held captive.) festhalten
    6) (to (be able to) contain: This jug holds two pints; You can't hold water in a handkerchief; This drawer holds all my shirts.) (ent)halten
    7) (to cause to take place: The meeting will be held next week; We'll hold the meeting in the hall.) abhalten
    8) (to keep (oneself), or to be, in a particular state or condition: We'll hold ourselves in readiness in case you send for us; She holds herself very erect.) halten
    9) (to have or be in (a job etc): He held the position of company secretary for five years.) beibehalten
    10) (to think strongly; to believe; to consider or regard: I hold that this was the right decision; He holds me( to be) responsible for everyone's mistakes; He is held in great respect; He holds certain very odd beliefs.) die Aussicht haben
    11) (to continue to be valid or apply: Our offer will hold until next week; These rules hold under all circumstances.) gelten
    12) ((with to) to force (a person) to do something he has promised to do: I intend to hold him to his promises.) festhalten
    13) (to defend: They held the castle against the enemy.) (stand)halten
    14) (not to be beaten by: The general realized that the soldiers could not hold the enemy for long.) standhalten
    15) (to keep (a person's attention): If you can't hold your pupils' attention, you can't be a good teacher.) fesseln
    16) (to keep someone in a certain state: Don't hold us in suspense, what was the final decision?) abhalten
    17) (to celebrate: The festival is held on 24 June.) innehaben
    18) (to be the owner of: He holds shares in this company.) sich halten
    19) ((of good weather) to continue: I hope the weather holds until after the school sports.) warten
    20) ((also hold the line) (of a person who is making a telephone call) to wait: Mr Brown is busy at the moment - will you hold or would you like him to call you back?) aushalten
    21) (to continue to sing: Please hold that note for four whole beats.) aufbewahren
    22) (to keep (something): They'll hold your luggage at the station until you collect it.) bringen
    23) ((of the future) to be going to produce: I wonder what the future holds for me?)
    2. noun
    1) (the act of holding: He caught/got/laid/took hold of the rope and pulled; Keep hold of that rope.) der Halt
    2) (power; influence: He has a strange hold over that girl.) die Gewalt
    3) ((in wrestling etc) a manner of holding one's opponent: The wrestler invented a new hold.) der Griff
    - -holder
    - hold-all
    - get hold of
    - hold back
    - hold down
    - hold forth
    - hold good
    - hold it
    - hold off
    - hold on
    - hold out
    - hold one's own
    - hold one's tongue
    - hold up
    - hold-up
    - hold with
    II [həuld] noun
    ((in ships) the place, below the deck, where cargo is stored.) der Schiffsraum
    * * *
    [həʊld, AM hoʊld]
    I. NOUN
    1. (grasp, grip) Halt m kein pl
    to catch [or grab] [or get [a]] [or take [a]] \hold of sb/sth jdn/etw ergreifen
    grab \hold of my hand and I'll pull you up nimm meine Hand und ich ziehe dich hoch
    I just managed to grab \hold of Lucy before she fell in the pool ich konnte Lucy gerade noch schnappen, bevor sie in den Pool fiel fam
    to keep \hold of sth etw festhalten
    sb loses \hold of sth jdm entgleitet etw
    sb loses \hold of the reins jdm gleiten die Zügel aus der Hand
    2. ( fig)
    to take \hold of sth custom, fashion auf etw akk überschwappen fam; fire, epidemic, disease auf etw akk übergreifen
    3. (esp climbing) Halt m kein pl
    it's a difficult mountain to climb as there aren't many \holds der Berg ist schwierig zu erklettern, weil in der Wand nicht viele Griffe sind
    to lose one's \hold den Halt verlieren
    4. (wrestling, martial arts) Griff m
    no \holds barred contest Wettbewerb, bei dem alle Griffe erlaubt sind
    to break free from sb's \hold sich akk aus jds Griff befreien
    to loosen one's \hold on sb/sth den Griff an jdm/etw lockern
    to release one's \hold on sb/sth jdn/etw loslassen
    to be on \hold in der Warteschleife sein
    to put sb on \hold jdn in die Warteschleife schalten
    his phone is engaged, can I put you on \hold? bei ihm ist besetzt, wollen Sie warten?
    6. (delay)
    to be on \hold auf Eis liegen fig
    to put sth on \hold etw auf Eis legen fig
    can we put this discussion on \hold until tomorrow? können wir diese Diskussion auf morgen verschieben?
    7. (control, influence) Kontrolle f
    the allies maintained their \hold on the port throughout the war die Alliierten hielten den Hafen während des gesamten Krieges besetzt
    get \hold of yourself! reiß dich zusammen! fam
    to lose one's \hold on life mit dem Leben nicht mehr fertigwerden
    to lose one's \hold on reality den Sinn für die Realität verlieren
    to have a [strong] \hold on [or over] sb [starken] Einfluss auf jdn haben
    he hasn't got any \hold over [or on] me er kann mir nichts anhaben
    no \holds barred ohne jegliches Tabu
    when he argues with his girlfriend there are no \holds barred wenn er mit seiner Freundin streitet, kennt er kein Pardon
    9. ( fig: find)
    to get \hold of sb/sth jdn/etw auftreiben fam
    I'll get \hold of some crockery for the picnic ich besorge Geschirr für das Picknick
    I'll get \hold of John if you phone the others wenn du die anderen anrufst, versuche ich, John zu erreichen
    to get \hold of information Informationen sammeln
    to get \hold of sth etw verstehen
    to get \hold of the wrong idea etw falsch verstehen
    don't get \hold of the wrong idea versteh mich nicht falsch
    the student already has a good \hold of the subject der Student weiß bereits recht gut über das Thema Bescheid
    11. FASHION of hairspray, mousse Halt m kein pl
    normal/strong/extra strong \hold normaler/starker/extrastarker Halt
    12. NAUT, AVIAT Frachtraum m
    13. COMPUT Halteimpuls m
    <held, held>
    1. (grasp, grip)
    to \hold sb/sth [tight [or tightly]] jdn/etw [fest]halten
    to \hold sb in one's arms jdn in den Armen halten
    to \hold the door open for sb jdm die Tür aufhalten
    to \hold a gun eine Waffe [in der Hand] halten
    to \hold hands Händchen halten fam
    to \hold sb's hand jds Hand halten
    to \hold sth in one's hand etw in der Hand halten
    to \hold one's nose sich dat die Nase zuhalten
    to \hold sth in place etw halten; AUTO
    to \hold the road eine gute Straßenlage haben
    the latest model \holds the road well when cornering das neueste Modell weist in den Kurven gutes Fahrverhalten auf
    to \hold one's sides with laughter sich dat die Seiten vor Lachen halten, sich akk vor Lachen krümmen
    to \hold sb/sth jdn/etw [aus]halten [o tragen]
    will the rope \hold my weight? wird das Seil mein Gewicht aushalten?
    to \hold one's head high ( fig) erhobenen Hauptes dastehen
    to \hold one's peace ( fig) den Mund halten fam
    to \hold oneself badly sich akk gehenlassen fam
    to \hold oneself in readiness sich akk bereithalten
    to \hold oneself upright sich akk gerade halten
    to \hold oneself well sich akk gut halten
    to \hold sb's attention [or interest] jdn fesseln
    to \hold sb [in custody]/hostage/prisoner jdn in Haft/als Geisel/gefangen halten
    to be able to \hold one's drink [or AM also liquor] Alkohol vertragen
    to \hold [on to] the lead in Führung bleiben
    to \hold sb to ransom jdn bis zur Zahlung eines Lösegelds gefangen halten
    to \hold one's course seinen Kurs [beibe]halten a. fig
    to \hold course for sth NAUT, AVIAT auf etw akk Kurs nehmen
    to \hold a note einen Ton halten
    to \hold the prices at an acceptable level die Preise auf einem vernünftigen Niveau halten
    to \hold one's serve SPORT den Aufschlag halten
    sth is \holding its value pictures, antiques etw behält seinen Wert
    to \hold sb to his/her word jdn beim Wort nehmen
    6. (delay, stop)
    to \hold sth etw zurückhalten
    we'll \hold lunch until you get here wir warten mit dem Essen, bis du hier bist
    will you \hold my calls for the next half hour, please? können Sie bitte die nächste halbe Stunde niemanden durchstellen?
    she's on the phone at the moment, will you \hold the line? sie spricht gerade, möchten Sie warten [o fam dranbleiben]?
    we'll \hold the front page until we have all the details wir halten die erste Seite frei, bis wir alle Einzelheiten haben
    \hold everything! (when sth occurs to sb) stopp!, warte!; (when sceptical) moment mal fam
    \hold it [right there]! stopp!
    ok, \hold it! PHOT gut, bleib so!
    to \hold sth in abeyance etw ruhenlassen
    to \hold one's breath die Luft anhalten
    he said he'd finish the report by tomorrow but I'm not \holding my breath ( fig) er sagte, er würde den Bericht bis morgen fertig machen, aber ich verlasse mich lieber nicht darauf
    to \hold one's fire MIL das Feuer einstellen, nicht gleich sein ganzes Pulver verschießen fig fam
    \hold your fire! nicht schießen!; ( fig)
    stop shouting at me and \hold your fire! hör auf mich anzubrüllen und reg dich ab! fam
    to \hold confiscated goods/a parcel konfiszierte Waren/ein Paket einbehalten
    to \hold sth bottle, glass, box etw fassen; COMPUT etw speichern
    one bag won't \hold all of the shopping der Einkauf passt nicht in eine Tüte
    this room \holds 40 people dieser Raum bietet 40 Personen Platz
    the CD rack \holds 100 CDs in den CD-Ständer passen 100 CDs
    my brain can't \hold so much information at one time ich kann mir nicht so viel auf einmal merken
    this hard disk \holds 13 gigabytes diese Festplatte hat ein Speichervolumen von 13 Gigabyte
    8. (involve)
    to \hold sth for sth für jdn mit etw dat verbunden sein
    fire seems to \hold a fascination for most people Feuer scheint auf die meisten Menschen eine Faszination auszuüben
    death \holds no fear for her der Tod macht ihr keine Angst
    sth \holds many disappointments/surprises etw hält viele Enttäuschungen/Überraschungen bereit
    to \hold land Land besitzen
    to \hold that... der Meinung sein, dass...
    * * *
    hold1 [həʊld] s FLUG, SCHIFF Lade-, Frachtraum m
    hold2 [həʊld]
    A s
    1. Halt m, Griff m:
    catch ( oder get, lay, seize, take) hold of sth etwas ergreifen oder in die Hand bekommen oder zu fassen bekommen oder umg erwischen;
    get hold of sb jemanden erwischen,;
    I couldn’t get hold of the money ich konnte das Geld nicht auftreiben;
    keep hold of festhalten;
    let go ( oder quit) one’s hold of sth etwas loslassen;
    miss one’s hold danebengreifen
    2. Halt m, Griff m, Stütze f:
    afford no hold keinen Halt bieten;
    lose one’s hold den Halt verlieren
    3. Ringen: Griff m:
    (with) no holds barred fig mit allen Mitteln oder Tricks;
    in politics no holds are barred fig in der Politik wird mit harten Bandagen gekämpft
    4. (on, over, of) Gewalt f, Macht f (über akk), Einfluss m (auf akk):
    get a hold on sb jemanden unter seinen Einfluss oder in seine Macht bekommen;
    get hold of o.s. sich in die Gewalt bekommen;
    have a (firm) hold on sb jemanden in seiner Gewalt haben, jemanden beherrschen;
    lose hold of o.s. die Fassung verlieren
    5. US Einhalt m:
    put a hold on sth etwas stoppen
    6. US Haft f, Gewahrsam m
    7. MUS Fermate f, Haltezeichen n
    8. Raumfahrt: Unterbrechung f des Countdown
    a) fig etwas auf Eis legen,
    b) TEL jemanden auf Warten schalten
    10. obs Festung f
    B v/t prät und pperf held [held], pperf JUR oder obs auch holden [ˈhəʊldən]
    1. (fest)halten:
    hold sb’s hand jemanden an der Hand halten;
    the goalkeeper failed to hold the ball (Fußball) der Torhüter konnte den Ball nicht festhalten
    2. sich die Nase, die Ohren zuhalten:
    hold one’s nose( ears)
    3. ein Gewicht etc tragen, (aus)halten
    4. (in einem Zustand etc) halten:
    hold o.s. erect sich gerade halten;
    hold (o.s.) ready (sich) bereithalten;
    the way he holds himself (so) wie er sich benimmt;
    with one’s head held high hoch erhobenen Hauptes
    5. (zurück-, ein)behalten:
    hold the shipment die Sendung zurück(be)halten;
    hold the mustard (im Restaurant etc) bes US (bitte) ohne Senf
    6. zurück-, abhalten ( beide:
    from von), an-, aufhalten, im Zaume halten, zügeln:
    hold sb from doing sth jemanden davon abhalten, etwas zu tun;
    there is no holding him er ist nicht zu halten oder zu bändigen oder zu bremsen;
    hold the enemy den Feind aufhalten
    7. US
    a) festnehmen:
    b) in Haft halten
    8. SPORT sich erfolgreich gegen einen Gegner verteidigen
    9. jemanden festlegen (to auf akk):
    hold sb to his word jemanden beim Wort nehmen
    10. a) Wahlen, eine Versammlung, eine Pressekonferenz etc abhalten
    b) ein Fest etc veranstalten
    c) eine Rede halten
    d) SPORT eine Meisterschaft etc austragen
    11. einen Kurs etc beibehalten:
    hold prices at the same level die Preise (auf dem gleichen Niveau) halten;
    hold the pace SPORT das Tempo halten
    12. Alkohol vertragen:
    hold one’s liquor ( oder drink) well eine ganze Menge vertragen;
    he can’t hold his liquor er verträgt nichts
    13. a) MIL und fig eine Stellung halten, behaupten:
    hold one’s own (with) sich behaupten (gegen), bestehen (neben);
    hold the stage fig die Szene beherrschen, im Mittelpunkt stehen (Person); fort 1, ground1 A 7, stage A 3
    b) Tennis: seinen Aufschlag halten, durchbringen
    14. innehaben:
    a) Land, Rechte etc besitzen: account C 1
    b) ein Amt etc bekleiden
    15. einen Platz etc einnehmen, (inne)haben, einen Rekord halten:
    hold an academic degree einen akademischen Titel führen
    16. fassen:
    a) enthalten:
    b) Platz bieten für, unterbringen:
    this hall holds 800 in diesen Saal gehen 800 Personen
    17. enthalten, fig auch zum Inhalt haben:
    the room holds period furniture das Zimmer ist mit Stilmöbeln eingerichtet;
    the place holds many memories der Ort ist voll von Erinnerungen;
    each picture holds a memory mit jedem Bild ist eine Erinnerung verbunden;
    it holds no pleasure for him er findet kein Vergnügen daran;
    life holds many surprises das Leben ist voller Überraschungen
    18. Bewunderung, Sympathie etc hegen, haben ( beide:
    for für):
    hold no prejudice kein Vorurteil haben
    19. behaupten:
    hold (the view) that … die Ansicht vertreten oder der Ansicht sein, dass …
    20. halten für, betrachten als:
    I hold him to be a fool ich halte ihn für einen Narren;
    it is held to be wise man hält es für klug ( to do zu tun)
    21. halten:
    hold sb dear jemanden lieb haben;
    hold sb responsible jemanden verantwortlich machen; contempt 1, esteem B
    22. besonders JUR entscheiden ( that dass)
    23. die Zuhörer etc fesseln, in Spannung halten:
    hold sb’s attention jemandes Aufmerksamkeit fesseln oder wachhalten
    24. US ein Hotelzimmer etc reservieren
    25. hold to US beschränken auf (akk)
    a) jemandem etwas vorhalten oder vorwerfen,
    b) jemandem etwas übel nehmen oder nachtragen
    27. US jemandem (aus)reichen:
    28. MUS einen Ton (aus)halten
    29. hold sth over sb jemanden mit etwas einschüchtern oder erpressen
    C v/i
    1. halten, nicht (zer)reißen oder (zer)brechen
    2. stand-, aushalten, sich halten
    3. (sich) festhalten (by, to an dat)
    4. bleiben:
    hold on one’s course seinen Kurs weiterverfolgen;
    hold on one’s way seinen Weg weitergehen;
    hold onto hold on 1, 2, 7; fast2 B
    5. sich verhalten:
    hold still stillhalten
    6. sein Recht ableiten (of, from von)
    7. auch hold good (weiterhin) gelten, gültig sein oder bleiben:
    the rule holds of ( oder in) all cases die Regel gilt in allen Fällen
    8. anhalten, andauern:
    my luck held das Glück blieb mir treu
    9. einhalten:
    hold! halt!
    10. hold by ( oder to) jemandem od einer Sache treu bleiben
    a) übereinstimmen mit,
    b) einverstanden sein mit
    12. stattfinden
    * * *
    I noun
    (of ship) Laderaum, der; (of aircraft) Frachtraum, der
    II 1. transitive verb,
    1) (grasp) halten; (carry) tragen; (keep fast) festhalten
    2) (support) [tragendes Teil:] halten, stützen, tragen [Decke, Dach usw.]; aufnehmen [Gewicht, Kraft]
    4) (grasp to control) halten [Kind, Hund, Zügel]

    hold oneself ready or in readiness — sich bereit od. in Bereitschaft halten

    hold one's head high(fig.) (be confident) selbstbewusst sein od. auftreten; (be proud) den Kopf hoch tragen

    6) (contain) enthalten; bergen [Gefahr, Geheimnis]; (be able to contain) fassen [Liter, Personen usw.]

    the room holds ten people — in dem Raum haben 10 Leute Platz; der Raum bietet 10 Leuten Platz

    hold water[Behälter:] wasserdicht sein; Wasser halten; (fig.) [Argument, Theorie:] stichhaltig sein, hieb- und stichfest sein

    he can/can't hold his drink or liquor — er kann etwas/nichts vertragen

    8) (possess) besitzen; haben
    9) (have gained) halten [Rekord]; haben [Diplom, Doktorgrad]
    10) (keep possession of) halten [Stützpunkt, Stadt, Stellung]; (Mus.): (sustain) [aus]halten [Ton]

    hold one's own(fig.) sich behaupten

    hold one's position(fig.) auf seinem Standpunkt beharren

    11) (occupy) innehaben, (geh.) bekleiden [Posten, Amt, Stellung]

    hold the line(Teleph.) am Apparat bleiben

    12) (engross) fesseln, (geh.) gefangen halten [Aufmerksamkeit, Publikum]

    hold the ladder steady — die Leiter festhalten; see also bay III 1.; ransom 1.

    14) (detain) (in custody) in Haft halten, festhalten; (imprison) festsetzen; inhaftieren; (arrest) festnehmen

    hold somebody to the terms of the contract/to a promise — darauf bestehen, dass jemand sich an die Vertragsbestimmungen hält/dass jemand ein Versprechen hält od. einlöst

    16) (Sport): (restrict)

    hold one's opponent [to a draw] — ein Unentschieden [gegen den Gegner] halten od. verteidigen

    17) (cause to take place) stattfinden lassen; abhalten [Veranstaltung, Konferenz, Gottesdienst, Sitzung, Prüfung]; veranstalten [Festival, Auktion]; austragen [Meisterschaften]; führen [Unterhaltung, Gespräch, Korrespondenz]; durchführen [Untersuchung]; geben [Empfang]; halten [Vortrag, Rede]
    18) (restrain) [fest]halten

    hold one's fire — [noch] nicht schießen; (fig.): (refrain from criticism) mit seiner Kritik zurückhalten

    19) (coll.): (withhold) zurückhalten

    hold it! — [einen] Moment mal!; see also horse 1)

    20) (think, believe)

    hold a view or an opinion — eine Ansicht haben (on über + Akk.)

    hold that... — dafürhalten, dass...; der Ansicht sein, dass...

    hold somebody/oneself guilty/blameless — jemanden/sich für schuldig/unschuldig halten ( for an + Dat.)

    hold something against somebody — jemandem etwas vorwerfen; see also dear 1. 1); responsible 1)

    2. intransitive verb,
    1) (not give way) [Seil, Nagel, Anker, Schloss, Angeklebtes:] halten; [Damm:] [stand]halten
    2) (remain unchanged) anhalten; [an]dauern; [Wetter:] sich halten, so bleiben; [Angebot, Versprechen:] gelten

    hold to something — bei etwas bleiben; an etwas (Dat.) festhalten

    hold [good or true] — gelten; Gültigkeit haben

    3. noun
    1) (grasp) Griff, der

    grab or seize hold of something — etwas ergreifen

    get or lay or take hold of something — etwas fassen od. packen

    take hold(fig.) sich durchsetzen; [Krankheit:] fortschreiten

    get hold of something(fig.) etwas bekommen od. auftreiben

    get hold of somebody(fig.) jemanden erreichen

    have a hold over somebody — jemanden in der Hand halten; see also catch 1. 1)

    2) (influence) Einfluss, der (on, over auf + Akk.)
    3) (Sport) Griff, der

    there are no holds barred(fig.) alles ist erlaubt

    4) (thing to hold by) Griff, der
    5)

    put on holdauf Eis legen [Plan, Programm]

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (keep) something in suspense expr.
    etwas in der Schwebe halten ausdr.
    im ungewissen lassen ausdr. (point) something out to someone expr.
    jemandem etwas entgegenhalten ausdr. (a meeting, etc.) v.
    abhalten (Treffen, Versammlung) v. (possess) v.
    innehaben v. v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: held)
    = abhalten (Treffen) v.
    beibehalten v.
    bereithalten v.
    enthalten v.
    festhalten v.
    halten v.
    (§ p.,pp.: hielt, gehalten)

    English-german dictionary > hold

  • 5 bestimmen

    I v/t
    1. (festsetzen) determine, decide; (Preis, Termin etc.) fix, Am. set
    2. (befehlen) give the orders; Gesetz require, stipulate; nichts zu bestimmen haben have no say in s.th; du hast hier nichts zu bestimmen umg. who asked you (for your opinion)?
    3. (beeinflussen: Pläne etc.) determine, control
    4. (prägen) characterize; dunkle Wälder bestimmen das Bild der Landschaft the landscape is dominated by dark forests
    5. (ausersehen) choose; etw. / jemanden zu oder für etw. bestimmen intend s.th. for s.th. / intend s.o. to be s.th.; Gelder für etw. bestimmen auch allocate ( oder set aside) funds for s.th.; bestimmt sein für be meant for; füreinander bestimmt sein be meant for each other; bestimmt sein zu be destined for ( oder to be); (verurteilt) auch be fated to (+ Inf.) er bestimmte sie zu seiner Stellvertreterin he chose ( oder designated) her as his successor; dieser Ring ist für dich bestimmt this ring is ( oder is meant) for you; zum sofortigen Verzehr / Gebrauch bestimmt Aufdruck auf Ware: for immediate consumption / use; zu Höherem bestimmt sein be destined for higher ( oder bigger and better umg.) things; es war ihm vom Schicksal ( nicht) bestimmt zu (+ Inf.) he was fated (not) to (+ Inf.)
    6. (ermitteln) ascertain; auch MATH., CHEM., PHYS. determine; (Begriff) define; seinen Standort bestimmen determine one’s position, take one’s bearings; Pflanzen / Tiere bestimmen identify plants / animals; neu gefunden classify plants / animals; ein Wort / einen Satz bestimmen define a word / determine the meaning of a sentence
    7. (jemanden veranlassen) induce (zu + Inf. to + Inf.)
    8. geh. altm. (überreden) persuade (to + Inf.); sich von etw. bestimmen lassen (let o.s.) be influenced by s.th.; weitS. let s.th. get the better of one
    II v/i
    1. (anordnen) decide; (befehlen) give the orders (for); wer bestimmt hier? oder wer hat hier zu bestimmen? who gives the orders around here?
    2. (verfügen): über jemanden bestimmen (Arbeitskräfte etc.) have s.o. at one’s disposal; über sein Geld / seine Zeit bestimmen decide how to spend one’s money / what to do with one’s time; über seine Angelegenheiten bestimmen decide one’s affairs for oneself
    * * *
    (ermitteln) to ascertain;
    (festlegen) to appoint; to fix; to determine; to designate; to decide;
    (vorsehen) to destine; to ordain
    * * *
    be|stịm|men ptp besti\#mmt
    1. vt
    1) (= festsetzen) to determine; Grenze, Ort, Zeit etc auch to fix, to set; (= entscheiden auch) to decide
    See:
    → auch bestimmt
    2) (= prägen) Stadtbild, Landschaft to characterize; (= beeinflussen) Preis, Anzahl to determine; Entwicklung, Werk, Stil etc to have a determining influence on; (GRAM) Kasus, Tempus to determine
    3) (= wissenschaftlich feststellen) Alter, Standort to determine, to ascertain; Pflanze, Tier, Funde to classify; (= definieren) Wort, Bedeutung to define
    4) (= vorsehen) to intend, to mean (für for)

    er ist zu Höherem bestimmthe is destined for higher things

    2. vi
    1) (= entscheiden) to decide (
    über +acc on)
    2)

    (= verfügen) er kann über sein Geld allein bestimmen — it is up to him what he does with his money

    du kannst nicht über ihn/seine Zeit bestimmen — it's not up to you to decide what he's going to do/how his time is to be spent

    3. vr
    * * *
    1) (to fix or settle; to decide: He determined his course of action.) determine
    2) (to influence: Our policy is governed by three factors.) govern
    3) ((with for) to direct at: That letter/bullet was intended for me.) intend
    4) (to select or choose for some particular purpose etc in the future: He had been marked out for an army career from early childhood.) mark out
    * * *
    be·stim·men *
    I. vt
    etw \bestimmen to decide on [or form determine] sth
    einen Preis \bestimmen to fix [or set] a price
    Ort und Zeit \bestimmen to fix [or appoint] a place and time
    eine Grenze/ein Limit \bestimmen to set a limit
    wir müssen genau \bestimmen, wo wir uns treffen we have to decide exactly where we'll meet; Gesetzentwurf, Verordnung to rule, to lay down
    das Gesetz bestimmt, dass... the law says that...; (entscheiden) to decide sth
    etw \bestimmen to set the tone for sth
    sein ruhiges Auftreten bestimmte die folgende Diskussion his calm manner set the tone for [or of] the ensuing discussion
    dichte Wälder \bestimmen das Landschaftsbild thick forests characterize the scenery
    etw \bestimmen to influence sth
    etw entscheidend \bestimmen to determine [or control] sth
    die Meinung anderer Leute bestimmte sein ganzes Handeln other people's opinions had a determining [or prevailing] influence on all of his actions
    sich akk nach etw dat \bestimmen, durch etw akk bestimmt werden to be governed [or determined] by sth
    etw \bestimmen to categorize sth
    etw nach [seiner] Art \bestimmen to establish the category of sth
    Pflanzen/Tiere \bestimmen to classify plants/animals
    die Bedeutung/Etymologie/Herkunft von etw dat \bestimmen to determine the significance/etymology/origin of sth
    einen Begriff \bestimmen to define a term
    jdn zu etw dat \bestimmen to make sb sth, to name [or choose] sb as sth
    jdn durch Wahl zu etw dat \bestimmen to vote sb in as sth
    etw für jdn \bestimmen to intend [or earmark] sth for sb
    füreinander bestimmt meant for each other
    zu Größerem bestimmt sein to be destined for higher things
    vorherbestimmt sein to be predestined
    6. (geh: bewegen)
    jdn zu etw dat \bestimmen to induce [or form to prevail on] sb to do sth
    II. vi
    1. (befehlen) to be in charge, to decide what happens, to lay down the law pej
    über jdn/etw \bestimmen to control sb/sth, to dispose of sth
    über seine Zeit \bestimmen to organize one's time; (jdn bedrängen) to push sb around fam
    über jds akk Gelder \bestimmen to have control over sb's finances
    * * *
    1.
    1) (festsetzen) decide on; fix <price, time, etc.>

    jemanden zum od. als Nachfolger bestimmen — decide on somebody as one's successor; (nennen) name somebody as one's successor

    2) (vorsehen) destine; intend; set aside < money>
    3) (ermitteln, definieren) identify < part of speech, find, plant, etc.>; determine <age, position>; define < meaning>
    4) (prägen) determine the character of; give <landscape, townscape> its character
    2.

    hier bestimme ichI'm in charge or the boss here; my word goes around here

    [frei] über etwas (Akk.) bestimmen — do as one wishes with something

    * * *
    A. v/t
    1. (festsetzen) determine, decide; (Preis, Termin etc) fix, US set
    2. (befehlen) give the orders; Gesetz require, stipulate;
    nichts zu bestimmen haben have no say in s.th;
    du hast hier nichts zu bestimmen umg who asked you (for your opinion)?
    3. (beeinflussen: Pläne etc) determine, control
    4. (prägen) characterize;
    dunkle Wälder bestimmen das Bild der Landschaft the landscape is dominated by dark forests
    5. (ausersehen) choose;
    etwas/jemanden zu oder
    für etwas bestimmen intend sth for sth/intend sb to be sth;
    Gelder für etwas bestimmen auch allocate ( oder set aside) funds for sth;
    bestimmt sein für be meant for;
    füreinander bestimmt sein be meant for each other;
    bestimmt sein zu be destined for ( oder to be); (verurteilt) auch be fated to (+inf)
    er bestimmte sie zu seiner Stellvertreterin he chose ( oder designated) her as his successor;
    dieser Ring ist für dich bestimmt this ring is ( oder is meant) for you;
    zum sofortigen Verzehr/Gebrauch bestimmt Aufdruck auf Ware: for immediate consumption/use;
    zu Höherem bestimmt sein be destined for higher ( oder bigger and better umg) things;
    es war ihm vom Schicksal (nicht) bestimmt zu (+inf) he was fated (not) to (+inf)
    6. (ermitteln) ascertain; auch MATH, CHEM, PHYS determine; (Begriff) define;
    seinen Standort bestimmen determine one’s position, take one’s bearings;
    Pflanzen/Tiere bestimmen identify plants/animals; neu gefunden classify plants/animals;
    ein Wort/einen Satz bestimmen define a word/determine the meaning of a sentence
    7. (jemanden veranlassen) induce (
    zu +inf to +inf)
    8. geh obs (überreden) persuade (to +inf);
    sich von etwas bestimmen lassen (let o.s.) be influenced by sth; weitS. let sth get the better of one
    B. v/i
    1. (anordnen) decide; (befehlen) give the orders (for);
    wer bestimmt hier? oder
    wer hat hier zu bestimmen? who gives the orders around here?
    über jemanden bestimmen (Arbeitskräfte etc) have sb at one’s disposal;
    über sein Geld/seine Zeit bestimmen decide how to spend one’s money/what to do with one’s time;
    über seine Angelegenheiten bestimmen decide one’s affairs for oneself
    * * *
    1.
    1) (festsetzen) decide on; fix <price, time, etc.>

    jemanden zum od. als Nachfolger bestimmen — decide on somebody as one's successor; (nennen) name somebody as one's successor

    2) (vorsehen) destine; intend; set aside < money>
    3) (ermitteln, definieren) identify <part of speech, find, plant, etc.>; determine <age, position>; define < meaning>
    4) (prägen) determine the character of; give <landscape, townscape> its character
    2.

    hier bestimme ichI'm in charge or the boss here; my word goes around here

    [frei] über etwas (Akk.) bestimmen — do as one wishes with something

    * * *
    v.
    to appoint v.
    to designate v.
    to destine v.
    to determine v.
    to intend (for) v.
    to ordain v.
    to prearrange v.
    to specify v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > bestimmen

  • 6 dominante

    adj.
    1 dominant.
    Se me pasó el bus I missed the bus.
    2 domineering (person).
    f.
    dominant.
    * * *
    1 dominant, dominating
    2 (que prevalece) prevailing, predominating
    3 (que avasalla) domineering
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=despótico) domineering
    2) (=predominante) [viento, tendencia, opinión, ideología] dominant, prevailing; [grupo, cultura, rasgo, tema, color] dominant; [papel, rol] dominant, leading
    3) (Bio) [macho, gen] dominant
    4) (Mús) dominant
    2.
    SF (Mús) dominant
    * * *
    1)
    a) <color/tendencia> predominant, dominant; < opinión> prevailing (before n); < cultura> dominant
    b) (Biol, Mús, Astrol) dominant
    2) < persona> domineering
    * * *
    = dominant, pervasive, ruling, domineering, mainline, commanding, all-pervasive [all pervasive], mainstream, suppressive, pervading, dominating, bossy [bossier -comp., bossiest -sup.], bossy boots, overbearing.
    Ex. English is the dominant language for the dissemination of information.
    Ex. The unease is pervasive, not an occasional outcropping of discontent.
    Ex. The impulse to learn is a ruling passion in very few people; in most of us it is so weak that a frowning aspect can discourage it.
    Ex. These messages were examined for 'friendly' features, such as politeness, specificity, constructiveness and helpfulness, and for 'unfriendly' features, like the use of cryptic codes or vocabulary, or language which users might find threatening, domineering, or emotive.
    Ex. This is 'scientific journalism' at its worst, but its standards are not wholly different from those of the mainline press.
    Ex. His preference for books rather than journals was more commanding than his preference for poetry rather than prose.
    Ex. Countries should adopt strategies to prepare themselves for the all-pervasive influence of IT in people's lives in the 21st century.
    Ex. Some children may be constrained by a mainstream curriculum that does not match their ability level.
    Ex. Where other women are in position of authority, they are even more suppressive to other women than males.
    Ex. While not addressing specific issues the rejoinder focuses on a few pervading themes.
    Ex. There are different styles of handling interpersonal conflict such as integrating, obliging, dominating, avoiding, and compromising.
    Ex. Regardless of gender, problem drinking was mainly related to traits of negative masculinity ( bossy, noisy, aggressive, etc) whereas binge eating was mainly related to negative femininity (shy, needs approval from others, etc).
    Ex. With the kids tucked into bed, bossy boots left to fill her empty life with some cocktails.
    Ex. Overbearing parents are likely to raise obsessive kids, according to a new study.
    ----
    * función dominante = alpha role.
    * grupo dominante = dominant group.
    * papel dominante = alpha role.
    * * *
    1)
    a) <color/tendencia> predominant, dominant; < opinión> prevailing (before n); < cultura> dominant
    b) (Biol, Mús, Astrol) dominant
    2) < persona> domineering
    * * *
    = dominant, pervasive, ruling, domineering, mainline, commanding, all-pervasive [all pervasive], mainstream, suppressive, pervading, dominating, bossy [bossier -comp., bossiest -sup.], bossy boots, overbearing.

    Ex: English is the dominant language for the dissemination of information.

    Ex: The unease is pervasive, not an occasional outcropping of discontent.
    Ex: The impulse to learn is a ruling passion in very few people; in most of us it is so weak that a frowning aspect can discourage it.
    Ex: These messages were examined for 'friendly' features, such as politeness, specificity, constructiveness and helpfulness, and for 'unfriendly' features, like the use of cryptic codes or vocabulary, or language which users might find threatening, domineering, or emotive.
    Ex: This is 'scientific journalism' at its worst, but its standards are not wholly different from those of the mainline press.
    Ex: His preference for books rather than journals was more commanding than his preference for poetry rather than prose.
    Ex: Countries should adopt strategies to prepare themselves for the all-pervasive influence of IT in people's lives in the 21st century.
    Ex: Some children may be constrained by a mainstream curriculum that does not match their ability level.
    Ex: Where other women are in position of authority, they are even more suppressive to other women than males.
    Ex: While not addressing specific issues the rejoinder focuses on a few pervading themes.
    Ex: There are different styles of handling interpersonal conflict such as integrating, obliging, dominating, avoiding, and compromising.
    Ex: Regardless of gender, problem drinking was mainly related to traits of negative masculinity ( bossy, noisy, aggressive, etc) whereas binge eating was mainly related to negative femininity (shy, needs approval from others, etc).
    Ex: With the kids tucked into bed, bossy boots left to fill her empty life with some cocktails.
    Ex: Overbearing parents are likely to raise obsessive kids, according to a new study.
    * función dominante = alpha role.
    * grupo dominante = dominant group.
    * papel dominante = alpha role.

    * * *
    A
    1 ‹color/tendencia› predominant, dominant; ‹opinión› prevailing ( before n)
    la nación dominante en este campo the dominant o leading nation in this field
    los tonos dominantes del cuadro the predominant tones in the painting
    el rasgo dominante de su carácter the dominant o most outstanding feature of his personality
    la nota dominante de la jornada fue la tranquilidad calm prevailed throughout the day
    vientos dominantes del sur prevailing southerly winds
    2 ( Biol) dominant
    3 ( Mús) dominant
    4 ( Astrol) dominant
    B ‹persona› domineering
    * * *

    dominante adjetivo
    1
    a)color/tendencia predominant, dominant;

    opinión prevailing ( before n);
    cultura dominant
    b) (Biol, Mús, Astrol) dominant

    2 persona domineering
    dominante adjetivo
    1 (predominante, mayoritario) dominant
    2 (tiránico) domineering
    ' dominante' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    imperiosa
    - imperioso
    - sargento
    - clase
    English:
    commanding
    - dominant
    - domineering
    - mainstream
    - masterful
    - overbearing
    - pervasive
    - self-assertive
    - self-assertiveness
    * * *
    adj
    1. [predominante] [nación, tendencia, característica] dominant;
    [vientos] prevailing;
    el color dominante era el azul the predominant colour was blue;
    la empresa tiene una posición dominante en el sector the company holds a commanding position in the sector;
    lo más dominante en su personalidad es el optimismo his most striking characteristic is his optimism
    2. [persona] domineering
    3. Biol [gen] dominant
    4. Mús dominant
    nf
    1. [característica] predominant feature
    2. Mús dominant
    * * *
    adj dominant; desp
    domineering
    * * *
    1) : dominant
    2) : domineering
    * * *
    dominante adj dominant

    Spanish-English dictionary > dominante

  • 7 strong

    strong [strɒŋ]
    fort1 (a)-(c), 1 (e), 1 (f), 1 (j), 1 (k) robuste1 (a) solide1 (a), 1 (b), 1 (d), 1 (i) puissant1 (b) ferme1 (b), 1 (i) énergique1 (b) sérieux1 (d), 1 (f) grossier1 (g)
    (compar stronger ['strɒŋgə(r)], superl strongest ['strɒŋgɪst])
    (a) (sturdy → person, animal, constitution, arms) fort, robuste; (→ building) solide; (→ cloth, material) solide, résistant; (→ shoes, table) solide, robuste; (in health → person) robuste; (→ heart) solide, robuste; (→ eyesight) bon;
    he's not very strong (not muscular) il n'est pas très fort; (not healthy) il n'est pas très robuste;
    familiar you need a strong stomach to eat this junk il faut avoir un estomac en béton pour manger des cochonneries pareilles;
    you'd need a strong stomach to go and watch that movie il faut avoir l'estomac bien accroché pour aller voir ce film;
    he'll be able to go out once he's strong again il pourra sortir quand il aura repris des forces;
    to be as strong as a horse (powerful) être fort comme un Turc ou un bœuf; (in good health) avoir une santé de fer
    (b) (in degree, force, intensity → sea current, wind, light, lens, voice) fort, puissant; (→ magnet) puissant; (→ current) intense; Music (→ beat) fort; (→ conviction, belief) ferme, fort, profond; (→ protest, support) énergique, vigoureux; (→ measures) énergique, draconien; (→ desire, imagination, interest) vif; (→ colour) vif, fort; (→ character, personality) fort, bien trempé; (→ feelings) intense, fort; (→ nerves) solide;
    the wind is growing stronger le vent forcit;
    there is a strong element of suspense in the story il y a beaucoup de suspense dans cette histoire;
    there's strong evidence that he committed suicide tout porte à croire qu'il s'est suicidé;
    it's my strong suit (in cards) c'est ma couleur forte; figurative c'est mon fort;
    figurative tact isn't her strong suit or point le tact n'est pas son (point) fort;
    what are his strong points? quels sont ses points forts?;
    he is a strong believer in discipline il est de ceux qui croient fermement à la discipline;
    it is my strong opinion that the men are innocent je suis convaincu ou persuadé que ces hommes sont innocents;
    she is a strong supporter of the government elle soutient le gouvernement avec ferveur;
    she is a strong supporter of Sunday trading c'est une ardente partisane de l'ouverture des commerces le dimanche;
    to exert a strong influence on sb exercer beaucoup d'influence ou une forte influence sur qn;
    she has a strong personality, she's a strong character elle a une forte personnalité;
    I have strong feelings on or about the death penalty (against) je suis absolument contre la peine de mort; (for) je suis tout à fait pour la peine de mort;
    I have no strong feelings or views one way or the other cela m'est égal;
    if you have strong feelings about it si c'est tellement important pour toi;
    he had a strong sense of guilt il éprouvait un fort sentiment de culpabilité;
    to have a strong will avoir de la volonté;
    you'll have to be strong now (when consoling or encouraging) il va falloir être courageux maintenant;
    you've got to be strong and say "no" il faut être ferme et dire "non"
    (c) (striking → contrast, impression) fort, frappant, marquant; (→ accent) fort;
    to bear a strong resemblance to sb ressembler beaucoup ou fortement à qn;
    his speech made a strong impression on them son discours les a fortement impressionnés ou a eu un profond effet sur eux;
    there is a strong chance or probability that he will win il y a de fortes chances pour qu'il gagne
    (d) (solid → argument, evidence) solide, sérieux;
    we have strong reasons to believe them innocent nous avons de bonnes ou sérieuses raisons de croire qu'ils sont innocents;
    they have a strong case ils ont de bons arguments;
    to be in a strong position être dans une position de force;
    we're in a strong bargaining position nous sommes bien placés ou en position de force pour négocier
    (e) (in taste, smell) fort;
    I like strong coffee j'aime le café fort ou corsé;
    this whisky is strong stuff ce whisky est fort;
    there's a strong smell of gas in here il y a une forte odeur de gaz ici
    (f) (in ability → student, team) fort; (→ candidate, contender) sérieux;
    he is a strong contender for the presidency il a de fortes chances de remporter l'élection présidentielle;
    he's a strong candidate for the post il a le profil idéal pour le poste;
    she is particularly strong in science subjects elle est particulièrement forte dans les matières scientifiques;
    in very strong form en très grande forme;
    the film was strong on style but weak on content le film était très bon du point de vue de la forme mais pas du tout du point de vue du contenu
    (g) (tough, harsh → words) grossier;
    to use strong language dire des grossièretés, tenir des propos grossiers;
    I wrote him a strong letter je lui ai écrit une lettre bien sentie;
    she gave us her opinion in strong terms elle nous a dit ce qu'elle pensait sans mâcher ses mots;
    his latest film is strong stuff son dernier film est vraiment dur
    an army 5,000 strong une armée forte de 5000 hommes;
    the marchers were 400 strong les manifestants étaient au nombre de 400
    (i) Commerce & Economics (currency, price) solide; (market) ferme;
    the dollar has got stronger le dollar s'est raffermi
    strong force, strong interaction interaction f forte
    (k) Grammar (verb, form) fort
    familiar to be going strong (person) être toujours solide ou toujours d'attaque; (party) battre son plein; (machine, car) fonctionner toujours bien ; (business, economy) être florissant, prospérer ;
    he's eighty years old and still going strong il a quatre-vingts ans et toujours bon pied bon œil;
    the favourite was going strong as they turned into the home straight le favori marchait fort quand les chevaux ont entamé la dernière ligne droite ;
    to come on strong (insist) insister lourdement ; (make a pass) faire des avances ;
    that's coming it a bit strong! vous y allez un peu fort!, vous exagérez!

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > strong

  • 8 prejudice

    'pre‹ədis
    1. noun
    ((an) opinion or feeling for or especially against something, formed unfairly or unreasonably ie without proper knowledge: The jury must listen to his statement without prejudice; Is racial prejudice (= dislike of people because of their race) increasing in this country?) prejuicio

    2. verb
    1) (to cause to feel prejudice for or against something.) predisponer contra/en favor de
    2) (to harm or endanger (a person's position, prospects etc) in some way: Your terrible handwriting will prejudice your chances of passing the exam.) perjudicar
    prejudice n prejuicio
    tr['preʤədɪs]
    1 (unfavourable bias) prejuicio; (favourable) predisposición nombre femenino
    2 SMALLLAW/SMALL (injury, harm) perjuicio
    1 (influence, bias) predisponer ( against, contra), ( in favor of, a favor de)
    2 (harm) perjudicar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to the prejudice of SMALLLAW/SMALL en perjuicio de, detrimento de
    without prejudice to SMALLLAW/SMALL sin perjuicio de
    prejudice ['prɛʤədəs] vt, - diced ; - dicing
    1) damage: perjudicar
    2) bias: predisponer, influir en
    1) damage: perjuicio m (en derecho)
    2) bias: prejuicio m
    n.
    parcialidad s.f.
    perjuicio s.m.
    prejuicio s.m.
    preocupación s.f.
    prevención s.f.
    v.
    perjudicar v.
    predisponer v.
    preocupar v.
    prevenir v.
    (§pres: -vengo, -vienes...-venimos) pret: -vin-
    fut: -vendr-•)

    I 'predʒədəs, 'predʒʊdɪs
    1) u c ( biased opinion) prejuicio m
    2) u (injury, harm) (frml) perjuicio m

    to the prejudice of something/somebody — en perjuicio or en detrimento de algo/alguien


    II
    1) ( influence) predisponer*

    to prejudice something/somebody against/in favor of something/somebody — predisponer* algo/a alguien en contra/a favor de algo/alguien

    2) ( harm) \<\<case/claim\>\> perjudicar*
    ['predʒʊdɪs]
    1. N
    1) (=biased opinion) prejuicio m

    to have a prejudice against/in favour of sth/sb — estar predispuesto en contra de/a favor de algo/algn

    2) (Jur) (=injury, detriment) perjuicio m

    to the prejudice of — con perjuicio de, con menoscabo de

    without prejudice — (Jur) sin detrimento de sus propios derechos

    2. VT
    1) (=bias) predisponer, prevenir ( against contra)
    2) (=damage) perjudicar
    * * *

    I ['predʒədəs, 'predʒʊdɪs]
    1) u c ( biased opinion) prejuicio m
    2) u (injury, harm) (frml) perjuicio m

    to the prejudice of something/somebody — en perjuicio or en detrimento de algo/alguien


    II
    1) ( influence) predisponer*

    to prejudice something/somebody against/in favor of something/somebody — predisponer* algo/a alguien en contra/a favor de algo/alguien

    2) ( harm) \<\<case/claim\>\> perjudicar*

    English-spanish dictionary > prejudice

  • 9 машинное оборудование

    1. machinery

     

    машинное оборудование
    термин " машинное оборудование" означает:
    - сборочную единицу, состоящую из соединенных частей или компонентов, по крайней мере, одна из которых находится в движении, имеет соответствующие приводы, схему управления, цепь питания, и т.д., соединенные вместе с целью специального применения, в частности, для производства, обработки, перемещения или упаковки материала;
    - группу машин, которые для достижения той же цели организованы и управляется таким образом, что они функционируют как единое целое;
    - взаимозаменяемое оборудование, модифицирующее функции машины, которое отдельно поставляется на рынок и предназначено для установки на машине или на серии различных машин или на приводном устройстве самим оператором, при условии, что данное оборудование не является запасной частью или инструментом.
    [Директива 98/37/ЕЭС по машинному оборудованию]

    EN

    machinery
    ‘machinery’ means:
    — an assembly of linked parts or components, at least one of which moves, with the appropriate
    actuators, control and power circuits, etc., joined together for a specific application, in particular
    for the processing, treatment, moving or packaging of a material,
    — an assembly of machines which, in order to achieve the same end, are arranged and controlled so that they function as an integral whole,
    — interchangeable equipment modifying the function of a machine, which is placed on the market for the purpose of being assembled with a machine or a series of different machines or with a tractor by the operator himself in so far as this equipment is not a spare part or a tool
    [DIRECTIVE 98/37/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    3. The following are excluded from the scope of this Directive:

    3. Из области применения данной Директивы исключаются:

    — machinery whose only power source is directly applied manual effort, unless it is a machine used for lifting or lowering loads,

    - машинное оборудование, для которых источником энергии является исключительно непосредственное применение ручной силы, за исключением механизмов для подъема и опускания грузов;

    — machinery for medical use used in direct contact with patients,

    - медицинские приборы;

    — special equipment for use in fairgrounds and/or amusement parks,

    - специальное оборудование для использования в аттракционах и/или парках для развлечений;

    — steam boilers, tanks and pressure vessels,

    - паровые котлы, резервуары и сосуды под давлением;

    — machinery specially designed or put into service for nuclear purposes which, in the event of failure, may result in an emission of radioactivity,

    - машинное оборудование, специально сконструированное или используемое в атомной отрасли, которые в случае аварии могут привести к выделению радиоактивных веществ;

    — radioactive sources forming part of a machine,

    - радиоактивные источники, составляющие часть машин;

    — firearms,

    - стрелковое оружие;

    — storage tanks and pipelines for petrol, diesel fuel, inflammable liquids and dangerous substances,

    - емкости для хранения или трубопроводы для бензина, дизельного топлива, огнеопасных жидкостей и опасных веществ;

    — means of transport, i.e. vehicles and their trailers intended solely for transporting passengers by air or on road, rail or water networks, as well as means of transport in so far as such means are designed for transporting goods by air, on public road or rail networks or on water. Vehicles used in the mineral extraction industry shall not be excluded,

    - транспортные средства, т.е. средства перевозки и их прицепы, предназначенные исключительно для перевозки пассажиров по воздуху, автодороге, железной дороге, или водными путями, а также транспортные средства, сконструированные для транспортировки грузов по воздуху, по общедоступным дорогам, железным дорогам или водным путям. Средства транспортировки, используемые в горнодобывающей промышленности, не исключаются из области применения настоящей Директивы;

    — seagoing vessels and mobile offshore units together with equipment on board such vessels or units,

    - морские суда и мобильные береговые агрегаты вместе с оборудованием на борту, такие как танки или установки;

    — cableways, including funicular railways, for the public or private transportation of persons,

    - канатные дороги, включая фуникулерные железные дороги для общественного или частного пользования, предназначенные для транспортировки людей;

    — agricultural and forestry tractors, as defined in Article 1(1) of Directive 74/150/EEC (1),

    (1) Council Directive 74/150/EEC of 4 March 1974 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of wheeled agricultural or forestry tractors (OJ L 84, 28.3.1974, p. 10). Directive as last amended by Decision 95/1/EC, Euratom, ECSC (OJ L 1.1.1995, p. 1).

    -сельскохозяйственные и лесные тракторы, подпадающие под определение статьи 1 (1) Директивы Совета 74/150/ЕЭС(1);

    (1) Директива Совета 74/150/ЕЭС от 4 марта 1974 г. по сближению законодательных актов Государств-членов, относящихся к одобрению типов колесных сельскохозяйственных или лесных тракторов (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 84, 28.3.1974 г., стр.10). Директива, измененная последний раз Решением 95/1/ЕЭС, Евроатом, ECSC (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 1/1/1995 г., стр 1)

    — machines specially designed and constructed for military or police purposes,

    - машины, специально сконструированные и созданные для военных и полицейских целей;

    — lifts which permanently serve specific levels of buildings and constructions, having a car moving between guides which are rigid and inclined at an angle of more than 15 degrees to the horizontal and designed for the transport of:
    (i) persons;
    (ii) persons and goods;
    (iii) goods alone if the car is accessible, that is to say, a person may enter it without difficulty, and fitted with controls situated inside the car or within reach of a person inside,

    - лифты и подъемные устройства, постоянно обслуживающие определенные уровни зданий и конструкций, имеющие транспортную тележку, движущуюся между жесткими направляющими, которые имеют угол наклона более 15 градусов к горизонтальной поверхности и сконструированы для транспортировки:
    (i) людей;
    (ii) людей и имущества;
    (iii) только имущества, в том случае, если кабина лифта открыта, т.е. человек может легко войти в такое транспортное средство и манипулировать средствами управления, находящимися внутри кабины или в пределах досягаемости для человека;

    — means of transport of persons using rack and pinion rail mounted vehicles,

    - транспортные средства для перевозки людей, с использованием зубчатых или реечных рельс, по которым перемещается транспортные средства;

    — mine winding gear,

    - шахтные канатные подъемные устройства;

    — theatre elevators,

    - театральные подъемники;

    — construction site hoists intended for lifting persons or persons and goods.

    - строительные подъемники, предназначенные для подъема людей или людей и грузов.

    4. Where, for machinery or safety components, the risks referred to in this Directive are wholly or partly covered by specific Community Directives, this Directive shall not apply, or shall cease to apply, in the case of such machinery or safety components and of such risks on the implementation of these specific Directives.

    4. Когда для машинного оборудования и компонентов безопасности риски, определенные в настоящей Директиве, полностью или частично покрываются специальными Директивами Сообщества, настоящая Директива не применяется или прекращает свое действие, такое машинное оборудование и компоненты безопасности и такие риски подпадают под действие этих специальных Директив.

    5. Where, for machinery, the risks are mainly of electrical origin, such machinery shall be covered exclusively by Directive 73/23/EEC (2).

    (2) Council Directive 73/23/EEC of 19 February 1973 on the harmonisation of the laws of Member States relating to electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits (OJ L 77, 26.3.1973, p. 29). Directive as last amended by Directive 93/68/EEC (OJ L 220, 30.8.1993, p. 1).

    5. Когда риски применения машинного оборудования связаны с электрическими источниками, то такое оборудование охватываются исключительно Директивой 73/23/ЕЭС(2).

    (2) Директива Совета 73/23/ЕЭС/ от 19 февраля 1973 года о гармонизации законов Государств-Участников в отношении электрооборудования, предназначенного для использования в условиях определенных пределов напряжения (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 77, 26.03.1973, стр. 29). Директива с последней поправкой Директивой 93/68/ЕЭС (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 220, 30.08.1993, стр.1).

    Article 2
    1. Member States shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that machinery or safety components covered by this Directive may be placed on the market and put into service only if they do not endanger the health or safety of persons and, where appropriate, domestic animals or property, when properly installed and maintained and used for their intended purpose.

    Статья 2
    1. Государства - члены должны предпринимать все необходимые меры для обеспечения того, чтобы машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности, попадающие под действие настоящей Директивы, поставлялись на рынок и вводились в эксплуатацию, только если они не составляют угрозу для здоровья и безопасности людей и домашних животных, или имуществу при условии надлежащей установки и обслуживания, а также использования по прямому назначению.

    2. This Directive shall not affect Member States’ entitlement to lay down, in due observance of the Treaty, such requirements as they may deem necessary to ensure that persons and in particular workers are protected when using the machinery or safety components in question, provided that this does not mean that the machinery or safety components are modified in a way not specified in the Directive.

    2. Настоящая Директива не ограничивает права Государств - членов устанавливать при должном соблюдении Договора такие требования, которые они посчитают необходимыми для обеспечения защиты людей, особенно работников, при использовании машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, при условии, что модификация такого машинного оборудования и компонентов безопасности была произведена в соответствии с положениями настоящей Директивы.

    3. At trade fairs, exhibitions, demonstrations, etc., Member States shall not prevent the showing of machinery or safety components which do not conform to the provisions of this Directive, provided that a visible sign clearly indicates that such machinery or safety components do not conform and that they are not for sale until they have been brought into conformity by the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community. During demonstrations, adequate safety measures shall be taken to ensure the protection of persons.

    3. На торговых ярмарках, выставках, демонстрациях и т.п. Государства - члены не должны препятствовать демонстрации машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, которые не соответствуют положениям настоящей Директивы, при условии, что видимый знак четко указывает, что такое машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности не соответствуют данной Директиве, и что они не предназначаются для продажи до тех пор, пока изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе не приведет их в полное соответствие с Директивой. Во время демонстраций должны приниматься адекватные меры для обеспечения безопасности граждан.

    Article 3
    Machinery and safety components covered by this Directive shall satisfy the essential health and safety requirements set out in Annex I.

    Статья 3
    Машинное оборудование, а также компоненты безопасности, относящиеся к области действия настоящей Директивы, должны полностью удовлетворять основным требованиям по обеспечению здоровья и безопасности, изложенным в Приложении 1.

    Article 4
    1. Member States shall not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market and putting into service in their territory of machinery and safety components which comply with this Directive.

    Статья 4
    1. Государства - члены не должны запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать поставке на рынок машинного оборудования, а также компонентов безопасности, которые соответствуют
    требованиям настоящей Директивы.

    2. Member States shall not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market of machinery where the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community declares in accordance with point B of Annex II that it is intended to be incorporated into machinery or assembled with other machinery to constitute machinery covered by this Directive, except where it can function independently.

    ‘Interchangeable equipment’, as referred to in the third indent of Article 1(2)(a), must in all cases bear the CE marking and be accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point A.

    2. Государства - члены не должны запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать поставке на рынок машинного оборудования, если изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе заявляет в соответствии с Приложением II B, что они предназначены для включения в машинное оборудование или компоноваться с другим оборудованием, так, что в соединении они составят машинное оборудование, отвечающее требованиям настоящей Директивы, за исключением тех случаев, когда они могут функционировать независимо.

    "Взаимозаменяемое оборудование" в смысле третьего абзаца с черточкой в Статье 1 (2) (a) должно во всех случаях иметь маркировку "СЕ" и сопровождаться декларацией соответствия, определенной в Приложении II, пункте А.

    3. Member States may not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market of safety components as defined in Article 1(2) where they are accompanied by an EC declaration of conformity by the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community as referred to in Annex II, point C.

    3. Государства - члены не имеют права запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать распространению на рынке компонентов безопасности, определенных Статьей 1 (2), если эти компоненты сопровождаются декларацией соответствия ЕС, заявленной изготовителем или его уполномоченным представителем в Сообществе, как определено в Приложении II, пункте С.

    Article 5
    1. Member States shall regard the following as conforming to all the provisions of this Directive, including the procedures for checking the conformity provided for in Chapter II:
    — machinery bearing the CE marking and accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point A,
    — safety components accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point C.

    Статья 5
    1. Государства - члены должны считать нижеследующее соответствующим всем положениям настоящей Директивы, включая процедуры проверки соответствия, предусмотренной в Главе II:
    - машинное оборудование, имеющее маркировку "СЕ" и сопровождаемое декларацией соответствия ЕС, как указано в Приложении II, пункте A;
    - компоненты безопасности, сопровождаемые декларацией соответствия ЕС, как указано в Приложении II, пункте C.

    При отсутствии гармонизированных стандартов Государства - члены должны предпринимать любые меры, которые они сочтут необходимыми, для привлечения внимания заинтересованных сторон к существующим национальным техническим стандартам и спецификациям, которые считаются важными или относятся к выполнению основных требований по обеспечению здоровья и безопасности в соответствии с Приложением 1.

    2. Where a national standard transposing a harmonised standard, the reference for which has been published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, covers one or more of the essential safety requirements, machinery or safety components constructed in accordance with this standard shall be presumed to comply with the relevant essential requirements.
    Member States shall publish the references of national standards transposing harmonised standards.

    2. В тех случаях, когда национальный стандарт, заменяющий гармонизированный стандарт, ссылка на который была опубликована в Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ, покрывает одно или несколько основных требований безопасности, машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности, сконструированные в соответствии с таким стандартом, должны считаться соответствующими основным требованиям.
    Государства - члены должны публиковать ссылки на национальные стандарты, заменяющие гармонизированные стандарты.

    3. Member States shall ensure that appropriate measures are taken to enable the social partners to have an influence at national level on the process of preparing and monitoring the harmonised standards.

    3. Государства - члены должны обеспечивать принятие необходимых мер для того, чтобы их социальные партнеры получали возможность влиять на национальном уровне на процессы подготовки и отслеживания гармонизированных стандартов.

    Article 6
    1. Where a Member State or the Commission considers that the harmonised standards referred to in Article 5(2) do not entirely satisfy the essential requirements referred to in Article 3, the Commission or the Member State concerned shall bring the matter before the committee set up under Directive 83/189/EEC, giving the reasons therefor. The committee shall deliver an opinion without delay.
    Upon receipt of the committee’s opinion, the Commission shall inform the Member States whether or not it is necessary to withdraw those standards from the published information referred to in Article 5(2).

    Статья 6
    1. В случае, если Государство - член или Комиссия считают, что гармонизированные стандарты, рассмотренные в Статье 5 (2), не полностью соответствуют основным требованиям, определенным в Статье 3, Комиссия или заинтересованное Государство - член должны поставить этот вопрос на рассмотрение комитета, созданного в соответствии с Директивой 83/189/ЕЭС, обосновав причины такого обращения. Комитет должен безотлагательно вынести решение.
    После получения такого решения комитета Комиссия должна информировать Государства – члены, необходимо или нет отозвать эти стандарты из опубликованной информации, определенной в Статье 5 (2).

    2. A standing committee shall be set up, consisting of representatives appointed by the Member States and chaired by a representative of the Commission.

    The standing committee shall draw up its own rules of procedure.

    Any matter relating to the implementation and practical application of this Directive may be brought before the standing committee, in accordance with the following procedure:

    The representative of the Commission shall submit to the committee a draft of the measures to be taken. The committee shall deliver its opinion on the draft, within a time limit which the chairman may lay down according to the urgency of the matter, if necessary by taking a vote.

    The opinion shall be recorded in the minutes; in addition, each Member State shall have the right to ask to have its position recorded in the minutes.
    The Commission shall take the utmost account of the opinion delivered by the committee.
    It shall inform the committee of the manner in which its opinion has been taken into account.

    2. Должен быть создан постоянно действующий комитет, состоящий из представителей, назначенных Государствами – членами, и возглавляемый представителем Комиссии.

    Постоянно действующий комитет будет сам устанавливать порядок действий и процедуры.

    Любой вопрос, относящийся к выполнению и практическому применению настоящей Директивы, может быть поставлен на рассмотрение постоянно действующего комитета, в соответствии со следующими правилами:

    Представитель Комиссии должен представить комитету проект предполагаемых к принятию мер. Комитет должен выразить свое мнение по проекту за время, установленное председателем в соответствии со срочностью вопроса, при необходимости определяемого путем голосования.

    Это мнение должно быть зафиксировано в протоколе; кроме того, каждое Государство - член имеет право потребовать отразить свою позицию в протоколе. Комиссия должна максимально учитывать мнение, вынесенное комитетом.
    Она должна проинформировать комитет, каким образом было учтено его мнение.

    Article 7
    1. Where a Member State ascertains that:
    — machinery bearing the CE marking, or
    — safety components accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity, used in accordance with their intended purpose are liable to endanger the safety of persons, and, where appropriate, domestic animals or property, it shall take all appropriate measures to withdraw such machinery or safety components from the market, to prohibit the placing on the market, putting into service or use thereof, or to restrict free movement thereof.

    Member States shall immediately inform the Commission of any such measure, indicating the reason for its decision and, in particular, whether non-conformity is due to:
    (a) failure to satisfy the essential requirements referred to in Article 3;
    (b) incorrect application of the standards referred to in Article 5(2);
    (c) shortcomings in the standards themselves referred to in Article 5(2).

    Статья 7
    1. Если Государство - член устанавливает, что:
    - машинное оборудование, имеющее маркировку "СЕ", либо
    - компоненты безопасности, сопровождаемые декларацией соответствия ЕС, используемые в соответствии с их назначением, могут нести угрозу безопасности людям, и, если это имеет место, домашним животным или собственности, оно должно принять все необходимые меры для изъятия такого машинного оборудования, либо компонентов безопасности с рынка, запретить их поставку на рынок, ввод в эксплуатацию или использование, либо ограничить их свободное обращение.

    Государства - члены должны немедленно информировать Комиссию о любых подобных мерах, указать причины такого решения и, в особенности, информировать о том, явилось ли это несоответствие результатом:
    a) неспособности удовлетворить основным требованиям, определенным в Статье 3;
    b) неправильного применения стандартов, определенных в Статье 5 (п.2);
    c) недостатков самих стандартов, определенных в Статье 5 (п. 2).

    2. The Commission shall enter into consultation with the parties concerned without delay. Where the Commission considers, after this consultation, that the measure is justified, it shall immediately so inform the Member State which took the initiative and the other Member States. Where the Commission considers, after this consultation, that the action is unjustified, it shall immediately so inform the Member State which took the initiative and the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community.

    Where the decision referred to in paragraph 1 is based on a shortcoming in the standards, and where the Member State at the origin of the decision maintains its position, the Commission shall immediately inform the committee in order to initiate the procedures referred to in Article 6(1).

    2. Комиссия должна безотлагательно провести консультацию с заинтересованными сторонами. В случае, если после проведения такой консультации, Комиссия полагает, что такая мера обоснована, она должна немедленно информировать об этом Государство - член, которое выдвинуло эту инициативу, а также остальные Государства - члены. Если Комиссия после проведения такой консультации полагает, что действия не были обоснованными, она немедленно извещает об этом Государство - член, проявившее инициативу, и изготовителя, либо его уполномоченного представителя в Сообществе.

    Если решение, указанное в параграфе 1, основано на недостатках в стандартах, и если Государство - член на основании такого решения сохраняет свои позиции, то Комиссия должна немедленно информировать комитет для того, чтобы начать процедуры, описанные в Статье 6 (п. 1).

    3. Where:
    — machinery which does not comply bears the CE marking,
    — a safety component which does not comply is accompanied by an EC declaration of conformity,
    the competent Member State shall take appropriate action against whom so ever has affixed the marking or drawn up the declaration and shall so inform the Commission and other Member States.

    3. Если:
    - машинное оборудование, не соответствующие требованиям, имеют маркировку "СЕ",
    - компоненты безопасности, не соответствующие требованиям, имеют декларацию соответствия ЕС,
    компетентное Государство - член должно начать соответствующие действия против любого, кто поставил маркировку, или составил декларацию, и должно проинформировать об этом Комиссию и другие Государства - члены.

    4. The Commission shall ensure that Member States are kept informed of the progress and outcome of this procedure.

    4. Комиссия должна обеспечить, чтобы Государства – члены были постоянно информированы о ходе и результатах данной процедуры.

    CHAPTER II
    CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES
    Article 8

    1. The manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community must, in order to certify that machinery and safety components are in conformity with this Directive, draw up for all machinery or safety components manufactured an EC declaration of conformity based on the model given in Annex II, point A or C as appropriate.

    In addition, for machinery alone, the manufacturer or his authorised representatives established in the Community must affix to the machine the CE marking.

    Глава II
    Процедуры оценки соответствия
    Статья 8

    1. Для подтверждения того, что машинное оборудование, а также компоненты безопасности соответствуют положениям настоящей Директивы, изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен составить декларацию ЕС о соответствии на произведенное машинное оборудование и компоненты безопасности по образцу, приведенному в Приложении II, соответственно пунктам A или C.

    Корме того, на машинное оборудование изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен нанести маркировку "СЕ" в соответствии со Статьей 10.

    2. Before placing on the market, the manufacturer, or his authorised representative established in the Community, shall:
    (a) if the machinery is not referred to in Annex IV, draw up the file provided for in Annex V;
    (b) if the machinery is referred to in Annex IV and its manufacturer does not comply, or only partly complies, with the standards referred to in Article 5(2) or if there are no such standards, submit an example of the machinery for the EC type-examination referred to in Annex VI;
    (c) if the machinery is referred to in Annex IV and is manufactured in accordance with the standards referred to in Article 5(2):
    — either draw up the file referred to in Annex VI and forward it to a notified body, which will acknowledge receipt of the file as soon as possible and keep it,
    — submit the file referred to in Annex VI to the notified body, which will simply verify that the standards referred to in Article 5(2) have been correctly applied and will draw up a certificate of adequacy for the file,
    — or submit the example of the machinery for the EC type-examination referred to in Annex VI.

    2. Перед поставкой на рынок изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен:
    (a) в случае, если машинное оборудование не указано в Приложении IV, составить документацию, предусмотренную Приложением V;
    (b) если машинное оборудование указано в Приложении IV, и их изготовитель не выполняет, либо выполняет лишь частично требования стандартов, упомянутых в Статье 5 (2), либо, если таких стандартов не существует, то представить образец машинного оборудования для его испытания ЕС, определенного в Приложении VI;
    (c) если машинное оборудование указано в Приложении IV и изготовлено в соответствии со стандартами, определенными в Статье 5 (п. 2):
    - либо составить документацию, указанную в Приложении VI, и передать ее нотифицированному органу, который подтверждает получение документации в возможно короткие сроки, а также сохраняет ее;
    - представить документацию, указанную в Приложении VI, нотифицированному органу, который просто проверит, что стандарты, упомянутые в Статье 5 (2), были применены правильно и составит сертификат соответствия по этой документации;
    - либо представить образец машинного оборудования для испытания ЕС типового образца, определенного в Приложении VI.

    3. Where the first indent of paragraph 2(c) of this Article applies, the provisions of the first sentence of paragraphs 5 and 7 of Annex VI shall also apply.

    Where the second indent of paragraph 2(c) of this Article applies, the provisions of paragraphs 5, 6 and 7 of Annex VI shall also apply.

    3. В тех случаях, когда может быть применен первый абзац параграфа 2 (с) этой Статьи должны также применяться положения первого предложения параграфов 5 и 7 Приложения VI.

    В тех случаях, когда может быть применен второй абзац пункта 2 (с), должны также применяться положения параграфов 5, 6 и 7 Приложения VI.

    4. Where paragraph 2(a) and the first and second indents of paragraph 2(c) apply, the EC declaration of conformity shall solely state conformity with the essential requirements of the Directive.

    Where paragraph 2(b) and the third indent of paragraph 2(c) apply, the EC declaration of conformity shall state conformity with the example that underwent EC type-examination.

    4. В тех случаях, когда применяется параграф 2 (а) и первый и второй абзацы параграфа 2 (c), декларация ЕС о соответствии должна удостоверить соответствие основным требованиям настоящей Директивы.

    В случае, когда применяется параграф 2 (b) и третий абзац параграфа 2 (c), декларация ЕС о соответствии должна удостоверить соответствие образцу, прошедшему испытание ЕС типового образца.

    5. Safety components shall be subject to the certification procedures applicable to machinery pursuant to paragraphs 2, 3 and 4. Furthermore, during EC type-examination, the notified body shall verify the suitability of the safety component for fulfilling the safety functions declared by the manufacturer.

    5.Компоненты безопасности должны подвергаться процедурам сертификации, применимым к машинному оборудованию в соответствии с параграфами 2, 3, 4. Более того, во время испытания ЕС типового образца нотифицированный орган должен проверить пригодность компонентов безопасности для выполнения тех функций безопасности, которые заявлены изготовителем.

    6. (a) Where the machinery is subject to other Directives concerning other aspects and which also provide for the affixing of the CE marking, the latter shall indicate that the machinery is also presumed to conform to the provisions of those other Directives.
    (b) However, where one or more of those Directives allow the manufacturer, during a transitional period, to choose which arrangements to apply, the CE marking shall indicate conformity only to the Directives applied by the manufacturer. In this case, particulars of the Directives applied, as published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, must be given in the documents, notices or instructions required by the directives and accompanying such machinery.

    6. (a) В тех случаях, когда машинное оборудование подпадает под действие Директив по другим аспектам, которые также предусматривают нанесение маркировки "СЕ", последняя указывает, что такое машинное оборудование соответствуют положениям этих прочих директив.
    (b) Тем не менее, когда одна или несколько таких Директив позволяют изготовителям в течение переходного периода выбирать, какие из положений применить, маркировка "СЕ" будет указывать на соответствие только тем Директивам, которые применялись изготовителем. В этом случае подробная информация о примененных Директивах, опубликованных в Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ, должен приводиться в документах, аннотациях или инструкциях, требуемых в соответствии с Директивами, и сопровождать такое машинное оборудование.

    7. Where neither the manufacturer nor his authorised representative established in the Community fulfils the obligations of paragraphs 1 to 6, these obligations shall fall to any person placing the machinery or safety component on the market in the Community. The same obligations shall apply to any person assembling machinery or parts thereof or safety components of various origins or constructing machinery or safety components for his own use.

    7. Если ни изготовитель, ни его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе не выполнят своих обязательств по предыдущим параграфам, то эти обязательства должны быть выполнены любыми лицами, поставляющими машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности на рынок Сообщества. Такие же обязательства возлагаются на любые лица, осуществляющие сборку машинного оборудования, либо его частей или компонентов безопасности различного происхождения, либо создающие машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности для собственного пользования.

    8. The obligations referred to in paragraph 7 shall not apply to persons who assemble with a machine or tractor interchangeable equipment as provided for in Article 1, provided that the parts are compatible and each of the constituent parts of the assembled machine bears the CE marking and is accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity.

    8. Обязательства, изложенные в параграфе 7, не применяются к лицам, которые собирают с машиной, механизмом или транспортным средством взаимозаменяемое оборудование, указанное в Статье 1, при условии, что эти части совместимы, и каждая из частей машины в сборе имеет маркировку "СЕ" и Декларацию ЕС о соответствии.

    Article 9
    1. Member States shall notify the Commission and the other Member States of the approved bodies which they have appointed to carry out the procedures referred to in Article 8 together with the specific tasks which these bodies have been appointed to carry out and the identification numbers assigned to them beforehand by the Commission.
    The Commission shall publish in the Official Journal of the European Communities a list of the notified bodies and their identification numbers and the tasks for which they have been notified. The Commission shall ensure that this list is kept up to date.

    Статья 9
    1. Государства - члены должны уведомить Комиссию и другие Государства - члены об утвержденных органах, которые назначаются для выполнения процедур, описанных в Статье 8, также как и для различных особых задач, которые этим органам предназначено выполнять, и об идентификационных номерах, предварительно присвоенных им Комиссией.

    В Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ Комиссия должна публиковать список таких нотифицированных органов и их идентификационные номера, а также задачи, для решения которых они предназначены. Комиссия должна обеспечить своевременность обновления списка.

    2. Member States shall apply the criteria laid down in Annex VII in assessing the bodies to be indicated in such notification. Bodies meeting the assessment criteria laid down in the relevant harmonised standards shall be presumed to fulfil those criteria.

    2. Государства - члены должны применять критерии, изложенные в Приложении VII, для определения органов, которые будут указаны в таких назначениях. Органы, удовлетворяющие критериям, изложенным в соответствующих гармонизированных стандартах, считаются соответствующими критериям.

    3. A Member State which has approved a body must withdraw its notification if it finds that the body no longer meets the criteria referred to in Annex VII. It shall immediately inform the Commission and the other Member States accordingly.

    3. Государство - член, утвердившее такой орган, должно отменить его назначение, если оно обнаружит, что он больше не соответствует критериям, изложенным в Приложении VII. Государство - член должно немедленно известить об этом Комиссию и другие Государства - члены.

    CHAPTER III
    CE MARKING
    Article 10
    1. The CE conformity marking shall consist of the initials ‘CE’. The form of the marking to be used is shown in Annex III.

    ГЛАВА III
    МАРКИРОВКА "СЕ"
    Статья 10
    1. Маркировка "СЕ" состоит из заглавных букв "СЕ". Форма маркировки, которая будет использоваться, указана в Приложении III.

    2. The CE marking shall be affixed to machinery distinctly and visibly in accordance with point 1.7.3 of Annex I.

    2. Маркировка "СЕ" должна наноситься на машинное оборудование четко, на видном месте в соответствии с пунктом 1.7.3. Приложения I.

    3. The affixing of markings on the machinery which are likely to deceive third parties as to the meaning and form of the CE marking shall be prohibited. Any other marking may be affixed to the machinery provided that the visibility and legibility of the CE marking is not thereby reduced.

    3. Нанесение маркировок на машинное оборудование таким образом, что это может ввести в заблуждение относительно значения и формы маркировки "СЕ", запрещено. Любые другие маркировки могут быть нанесены на машинное оборудование таким образом, чтобы не мешать видимости и различимости маркировки "СЕ".

    4. Without prejudice to Article 7:
    (a) where a Member State establishes that the CE marking has been affixed unduly, the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community shall be obliged to make the product conform as regards the provisions concerning the CE marking and to end the infringement under the conditions imposed by the Member State;

    (b) where non-conformity continues, the Member State must take all appropriate measures to restrict or prohibit the placing on the market of the product in question or to ensure that it is withdrawn from the market in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 7.

    4. Без ограничения применения Статьи 7:
    (a) если Государство - член устанавливает, что маркировка "СЕ" была нанесена неправильно, изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе будет обязан привести продукцию в соответствии с положениями, касающимися маркировки "СЕ" и положить конец нарушениям на условиях, установленных Государством - членом;

    (b) если такое несоответствие будет продолжаться, то Государство - член должно принять все соответствующие меры для ограничения или запрещения поставки на рынок такой продукции, либо обеспечить изъятие ее с рынка в соответствии с процедурами, изложенными в Статье 7.

    CHAPTER IV
    FINAL PROVISIONS
    Article 11

    Any decision taken pursuant to this Directive which restricts the placing on the market and putting into service of machinery or a safety component shall state the exact grounds on which it is based. Such a decision shall be notified as soon as possible to the party concerned, who shall at the same time be informed of the legal remedies available to him under the laws in force in the Member State concerned and of the time limits to which such remedies are subject.

    ГЛАВА IV
    ЗАКЛЮЧИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ
    Статья 11

    Любое решение, принятое в исполнение настоящей Директивы, ограничивающее поставку на рынок и ввод в эксплуатацию машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, должно указывать точные причины, на которых оно основано. Такое решение должно быть по возможности быстро доведено до сведения заинтересованных сторон, их также следует проинформировать о законных мерах, которые могут быть предприняты по действующему законодательству в соответствующем Государстве - члене и о сроках, в которые данные меры применяются.

    Article 12
    The Commission will take the necessary steps to have information on all the relevant decisions relating to the management of this Directive made available.

    Статья 12
    Комиссия предпримет все необходимые шаги для получения информации по всем соответствующим решениям, касающимся применения и распространения настоящей Директивы.

    Article 13
    1. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the texts of the provisions of national law which they adopt in the field governed by this Directive.

    2. The Commission shall, before 1 January 1994, examine the progress made in the standardisation work relating to this Directive and propose any appropriate measures.

    Статья 13
    1. Государства - члены должны передать Комиссии тексты положений национальных законодательных актов, принимаемых в сфере, определяемой настоящей Директивой.

    2. Комиссия должна до 1 января 1994 г. изучить развитие работ по стандартизации, относящиеся к области действия настоящей Директивы и предложить любые целесообразные меры.

    Тематики

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > машинное оборудование

  • 10 machinery

    1. организационный аппарат
    2. оборудование
    3. механизм
    4. машины и оборудование
    5. машины
    6. машинное оборудование

     

    машинное оборудование
    термин " машинное оборудование" означает:
    - сборочную единицу, состоящую из соединенных частей или компонентов, по крайней мере, одна из которых находится в движении, имеет соответствующие приводы, схему управления, цепь питания, и т.д., соединенные вместе с целью специального применения, в частности, для производства, обработки, перемещения или упаковки материала;
    - группу машин, которые для достижения той же цели организованы и управляется таким образом, что они функционируют как единое целое;
    - взаимозаменяемое оборудование, модифицирующее функции машины, которое отдельно поставляется на рынок и предназначено для установки на машине или на серии различных машин или на приводном устройстве самим оператором, при условии, что данное оборудование не является запасной частью или инструментом.
    [Директива 98/37/ЕЭС по машинному оборудованию]

    EN

    machinery
    ‘machinery’ means:
    — an assembly of linked parts or components, at least one of which moves, with the appropriate
    actuators, control and power circuits, etc., joined together for a specific application, in particular
    for the processing, treatment, moving or packaging of a material,
    — an assembly of machines which, in order to achieve the same end, are arranged and controlled so that they function as an integral whole,
    — interchangeable equipment modifying the function of a machine, which is placed on the market for the purpose of being assembled with a machine or a series of different machines or with a tractor by the operator himself in so far as this equipment is not a spare part or a tool
    [DIRECTIVE 98/37/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    3. The following are excluded from the scope of this Directive:

    3. Из области применения данной Директивы исключаются:

    — machinery whose only power source is directly applied manual effort, unless it is a machine used for lifting or lowering loads,

    - машинное оборудование, для которых источником энергии является исключительно непосредственное применение ручной силы, за исключением механизмов для подъема и опускания грузов;

    — machinery for medical use used in direct contact with patients,

    - медицинские приборы;

    — special equipment for use in fairgrounds and/or amusement parks,

    - специальное оборудование для использования в аттракционах и/или парках для развлечений;

    — steam boilers, tanks and pressure vessels,

    - паровые котлы, резервуары и сосуды под давлением;

    — machinery specially designed or put into service for nuclear purposes which, in the event of failure, may result in an emission of radioactivity,

    - машинное оборудование, специально сконструированное или используемое в атомной отрасли, которые в случае аварии могут привести к выделению радиоактивных веществ;

    — radioactive sources forming part of a machine,

    - радиоактивные источники, составляющие часть машин;

    — firearms,

    - стрелковое оружие;

    — storage tanks and pipelines for petrol, diesel fuel, inflammable liquids and dangerous substances,

    - емкости для хранения или трубопроводы для бензина, дизельного топлива, огнеопасных жидкостей и опасных веществ;

    — means of transport, i.e. vehicles and their trailers intended solely for transporting passengers by air or on road, rail or water networks, as well as means of transport in so far as such means are designed for transporting goods by air, on public road or rail networks or on water. Vehicles used in the mineral extraction industry shall not be excluded,

    - транспортные средства, т.е. средства перевозки и их прицепы, предназначенные исключительно для перевозки пассажиров по воздуху, автодороге, железной дороге, или водными путями, а также транспортные средства, сконструированные для транспортировки грузов по воздуху, по общедоступным дорогам, железным дорогам или водным путям. Средства транспортировки, используемые в горнодобывающей промышленности, не исключаются из области применения настоящей Директивы;

    — seagoing vessels and mobile offshore units together with equipment on board such vessels or units,

    - морские суда и мобильные береговые агрегаты вместе с оборудованием на борту, такие как танки или установки;

    — cableways, including funicular railways, for the public or private transportation of persons,

    - канатные дороги, включая фуникулерные железные дороги для общественного или частного пользования, предназначенные для транспортировки людей;

    — agricultural and forestry tractors, as defined in Article 1(1) of Directive 74/150/EEC (1),

    (1) Council Directive 74/150/EEC of 4 March 1974 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of wheeled agricultural or forestry tractors (OJ L 84, 28.3.1974, p. 10). Directive as last amended by Decision 95/1/EC, Euratom, ECSC (OJ L 1.1.1995, p. 1).

    -сельскохозяйственные и лесные тракторы, подпадающие под определение статьи 1 (1) Директивы Совета 74/150/ЕЭС(1);

    (1) Директива Совета 74/150/ЕЭС от 4 марта 1974 г. по сближению законодательных актов Государств-членов, относящихся к одобрению типов колесных сельскохозяйственных или лесных тракторов (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 84, 28.3.1974 г., стр.10). Директива, измененная последний раз Решением 95/1/ЕЭС, Евроатом, ECSC (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 1/1/1995 г., стр 1)

    — machines specially designed and constructed for military or police purposes,

    - машины, специально сконструированные и созданные для военных и полицейских целей;

    — lifts which permanently serve specific levels of buildings and constructions, having a car moving between guides which are rigid and inclined at an angle of more than 15 degrees to the horizontal and designed for the transport of:
    (i) persons;
    (ii) persons and goods;
    (iii) goods alone if the car is accessible, that is to say, a person may enter it without difficulty, and fitted with controls situated inside the car or within reach of a person inside,

    - лифты и подъемные устройства, постоянно обслуживающие определенные уровни зданий и конструкций, имеющие транспортную тележку, движущуюся между жесткими направляющими, которые имеют угол наклона более 15 градусов к горизонтальной поверхности и сконструированы для транспортировки:
    (i) людей;
    (ii) людей и имущества;
    (iii) только имущества, в том случае, если кабина лифта открыта, т.е. человек может легко войти в такое транспортное средство и манипулировать средствами управления, находящимися внутри кабины или в пределах досягаемости для человека;

    — means of transport of persons using rack and pinion rail mounted vehicles,

    - транспортные средства для перевозки людей, с использованием зубчатых или реечных рельс, по которым перемещается транспортные средства;

    — mine winding gear,

    - шахтные канатные подъемные устройства;

    — theatre elevators,

    - театральные подъемники;

    — construction site hoists intended for lifting persons or persons and goods.

    - строительные подъемники, предназначенные для подъема людей или людей и грузов.

    4. Where, for machinery or safety components, the risks referred to in this Directive are wholly or partly covered by specific Community Directives, this Directive shall not apply, or shall cease to apply, in the case of such machinery or safety components and of such risks on the implementation of these specific Directives.

    4. Когда для машинного оборудования и компонентов безопасности риски, определенные в настоящей Директиве, полностью или частично покрываются специальными Директивами Сообщества, настоящая Директива не применяется или прекращает свое действие, такое машинное оборудование и компоненты безопасности и такие риски подпадают под действие этих специальных Директив.

    5. Where, for machinery, the risks are mainly of electrical origin, such machinery shall be covered exclusively by Directive 73/23/EEC (2).

    (2) Council Directive 73/23/EEC of 19 February 1973 on the harmonisation of the laws of Member States relating to electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits (OJ L 77, 26.3.1973, p. 29). Directive as last amended by Directive 93/68/EEC (OJ L 220, 30.8.1993, p. 1).

    5. Когда риски применения машинного оборудования связаны с электрическими источниками, то такое оборудование охватываются исключительно Директивой 73/23/ЕЭС(2).

    (2) Директива Совета 73/23/ЕЭС/ от 19 февраля 1973 года о гармонизации законов Государств-Участников в отношении электрооборудования, предназначенного для использования в условиях определенных пределов напряжения (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 77, 26.03.1973, стр. 29). Директива с последней поправкой Директивой 93/68/ЕЭС (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 220, 30.08.1993, стр.1).

    Article 2
    1. Member States shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that machinery or safety components covered by this Directive may be placed on the market and put into service only if they do not endanger the health or safety of persons and, where appropriate, domestic animals or property, when properly installed and maintained and used for their intended purpose.

    Статья 2
    1. Государства - члены должны предпринимать все необходимые меры для обеспечения того, чтобы машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности, попадающие под действие настоящей Директивы, поставлялись на рынок и вводились в эксплуатацию, только если они не составляют угрозу для здоровья и безопасности людей и домашних животных, или имуществу при условии надлежащей установки и обслуживания, а также использования по прямому назначению.

    2. This Directive shall not affect Member States’ entitlement to lay down, in due observance of the Treaty, such requirements as they may deem necessary to ensure that persons and in particular workers are protected when using the machinery or safety components in question, provided that this does not mean that the machinery or safety components are modified in a way not specified in the Directive.

    2. Настоящая Директива не ограничивает права Государств - членов устанавливать при должном соблюдении Договора такие требования, которые они посчитают необходимыми для обеспечения защиты людей, особенно работников, при использовании машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, при условии, что модификация такого машинного оборудования и компонентов безопасности была произведена в соответствии с положениями настоящей Директивы.

    3. At trade fairs, exhibitions, demonstrations, etc., Member States shall not prevent the showing of machinery or safety components which do not conform to the provisions of this Directive, provided that a visible sign clearly indicates that such machinery or safety components do not conform and that they are not for sale until they have been brought into conformity by the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community. During demonstrations, adequate safety measures shall be taken to ensure the protection of persons.

    3. На торговых ярмарках, выставках, демонстрациях и т.п. Государства - члены не должны препятствовать демонстрации машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, которые не соответствуют положениям настоящей Директивы, при условии, что видимый знак четко указывает, что такое машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности не соответствуют данной Директиве, и что они не предназначаются для продажи до тех пор, пока изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе не приведет их в полное соответствие с Директивой. Во время демонстраций должны приниматься адекватные меры для обеспечения безопасности граждан.

    Article 3
    Machinery and safety components covered by this Directive shall satisfy the essential health and safety requirements set out in Annex I.

    Статья 3
    Машинное оборудование, а также компоненты безопасности, относящиеся к области действия настоящей Директивы, должны полностью удовлетворять основным требованиям по обеспечению здоровья и безопасности, изложенным в Приложении 1.

    Article 4
    1. Member States shall not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market and putting into service in their territory of machinery and safety components which comply with this Directive.

    Статья 4
    1. Государства - члены не должны запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать поставке на рынок машинного оборудования, а также компонентов безопасности, которые соответствуют
    требованиям настоящей Директивы.

    2. Member States shall not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market of machinery where the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community declares in accordance with point B of Annex II that it is intended to be incorporated into machinery or assembled with other machinery to constitute machinery covered by this Directive, except where it can function independently.

    ‘Interchangeable equipment’, as referred to in the third indent of Article 1(2)(a), must in all cases bear the CE marking and be accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point A.

    2. Государства - члены не должны запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать поставке на рынок машинного оборудования, если изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе заявляет в соответствии с Приложением II B, что они предназначены для включения в машинное оборудование или компоноваться с другим оборудованием, так, что в соединении они составят машинное оборудование, отвечающее требованиям настоящей Директивы, за исключением тех случаев, когда они могут функционировать независимо.

    "Взаимозаменяемое оборудование" в смысле третьего абзаца с черточкой в Статье 1 (2) (a) должно во всех случаях иметь маркировку "СЕ" и сопровождаться декларацией соответствия, определенной в Приложении II, пункте А.

    3. Member States may not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market of safety components as defined in Article 1(2) where they are accompanied by an EC declaration of conformity by the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community as referred to in Annex II, point C.

    3. Государства - члены не имеют права запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать распространению на рынке компонентов безопасности, определенных Статьей 1 (2), если эти компоненты сопровождаются декларацией соответствия ЕС, заявленной изготовителем или его уполномоченным представителем в Сообществе, как определено в Приложении II, пункте С.

    Article 5
    1. Member States shall regard the following as conforming to all the provisions of this Directive, including the procedures for checking the conformity provided for in Chapter II:
    — machinery bearing the CE marking and accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point A,
    — safety components accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point C.

    Статья 5
    1. Государства - члены должны считать нижеследующее соответствующим всем положениям настоящей Директивы, включая процедуры проверки соответствия, предусмотренной в Главе II:
    - машинное оборудование, имеющее маркировку "СЕ" и сопровождаемое декларацией соответствия ЕС, как указано в Приложении II, пункте A;
    - компоненты безопасности, сопровождаемые декларацией соответствия ЕС, как указано в Приложении II, пункте C.

    При отсутствии гармонизированных стандартов Государства - члены должны предпринимать любые меры, которые они сочтут необходимыми, для привлечения внимания заинтересованных сторон к существующим национальным техническим стандартам и спецификациям, которые считаются важными или относятся к выполнению основных требований по обеспечению здоровья и безопасности в соответствии с Приложением 1.

    2. Where a national standard transposing a harmonised standard, the reference for which has been published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, covers one or more of the essential safety requirements, machinery or safety components constructed in accordance with this standard shall be presumed to comply with the relevant essential requirements.
    Member States shall publish the references of national standards transposing harmonised standards.

    2. В тех случаях, когда национальный стандарт, заменяющий гармонизированный стандарт, ссылка на который была опубликована в Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ, покрывает одно или несколько основных требований безопасности, машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности, сконструированные в соответствии с таким стандартом, должны считаться соответствующими основным требованиям.
    Государства - члены должны публиковать ссылки на национальные стандарты, заменяющие гармонизированные стандарты.

    3. Member States shall ensure that appropriate measures are taken to enable the social partners to have an influence at national level on the process of preparing and monitoring the harmonised standards.

    3. Государства - члены должны обеспечивать принятие необходимых мер для того, чтобы их социальные партнеры получали возможность влиять на национальном уровне на процессы подготовки и отслеживания гармонизированных стандартов.

    Article 6
    1. Where a Member State or the Commission considers that the harmonised standards referred to in Article 5(2) do not entirely satisfy the essential requirements referred to in Article 3, the Commission or the Member State concerned shall bring the matter before the committee set up under Directive 83/189/EEC, giving the reasons therefor. The committee shall deliver an opinion without delay.
    Upon receipt of the committee’s opinion, the Commission shall inform the Member States whether or not it is necessary to withdraw those standards from the published information referred to in Article 5(2).

    Статья 6
    1. В случае, если Государство - член или Комиссия считают, что гармонизированные стандарты, рассмотренные в Статье 5 (2), не полностью соответствуют основным требованиям, определенным в Статье 3, Комиссия или заинтересованное Государство - член должны поставить этот вопрос на рассмотрение комитета, созданного в соответствии с Директивой 83/189/ЕЭС, обосновав причины такого обращения. Комитет должен безотлагательно вынести решение.
    После получения такого решения комитета Комиссия должна информировать Государства – члены, необходимо или нет отозвать эти стандарты из опубликованной информации, определенной в Статье 5 (2).

    2. A standing committee shall be set up, consisting of representatives appointed by the Member States and chaired by a representative of the Commission.

    The standing committee shall draw up its own rules of procedure.

    Any matter relating to the implementation and practical application of this Directive may be brought before the standing committee, in accordance with the following procedure:

    The representative of the Commission shall submit to the committee a draft of the measures to be taken. The committee shall deliver its opinion on the draft, within a time limit which the chairman may lay down according to the urgency of the matter, if necessary by taking a vote.

    The opinion shall be recorded in the minutes; in addition, each Member State shall have the right to ask to have its position recorded in the minutes.
    The Commission shall take the utmost account of the opinion delivered by the committee.
    It shall inform the committee of the manner in which its opinion has been taken into account.

    2. Должен быть создан постоянно действующий комитет, состоящий из представителей, назначенных Государствами – членами, и возглавляемый представителем Комиссии.

    Постоянно действующий комитет будет сам устанавливать порядок действий и процедуры.

    Любой вопрос, относящийся к выполнению и практическому применению настоящей Директивы, может быть поставлен на рассмотрение постоянно действующего комитета, в соответствии со следующими правилами:

    Представитель Комиссии должен представить комитету проект предполагаемых к принятию мер. Комитет должен выразить свое мнение по проекту за время, установленное председателем в соответствии со срочностью вопроса, при необходимости определяемого путем голосования.

    Это мнение должно быть зафиксировано в протоколе; кроме того, каждое Государство - член имеет право потребовать отразить свою позицию в протоколе. Комиссия должна максимально учитывать мнение, вынесенное комитетом.
    Она должна проинформировать комитет, каким образом было учтено его мнение.

    Article 7
    1. Where a Member State ascertains that:
    — machinery bearing the CE marking, or
    — safety components accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity, used in accordance with their intended purpose are liable to endanger the safety of persons, and, where appropriate, domestic animals or property, it shall take all appropriate measures to withdraw such machinery or safety components from the market, to prohibit the placing on the market, putting into service or use thereof, or to restrict free movement thereof.

    Member States shall immediately inform the Commission of any such measure, indicating the reason for its decision and, in particular, whether non-conformity is due to:
    (a) failure to satisfy the essential requirements referred to in Article 3;
    (b) incorrect application of the standards referred to in Article 5(2);
    (c) shortcomings in the standards themselves referred to in Article 5(2).

    Статья 7
    1. Если Государство - член устанавливает, что:
    - машинное оборудование, имеющее маркировку "СЕ", либо
    - компоненты безопасности, сопровождаемые декларацией соответствия ЕС, используемые в соответствии с их назначением, могут нести угрозу безопасности людям, и, если это имеет место, домашним животным или собственности, оно должно принять все необходимые меры для изъятия такого машинного оборудования, либо компонентов безопасности с рынка, запретить их поставку на рынок, ввод в эксплуатацию или использование, либо ограничить их свободное обращение.

    Государства - члены должны немедленно информировать Комиссию о любых подобных мерах, указать причины такого решения и, в особенности, информировать о том, явилось ли это несоответствие результатом:
    a) неспособности удовлетворить основным требованиям, определенным в Статье 3;
    b) неправильного применения стандартов, определенных в Статье 5 (п.2);
    c) недостатков самих стандартов, определенных в Статье 5 (п. 2).

    2. The Commission shall enter into consultation with the parties concerned without delay. Where the Commission considers, after this consultation, that the measure is justified, it shall immediately so inform the Member State which took the initiative and the other Member States. Where the Commission considers, after this consultation, that the action is unjustified, it shall immediately so inform the Member State which took the initiative and the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community.

    Where the decision referred to in paragraph 1 is based on a shortcoming in the standards, and where the Member State at the origin of the decision maintains its position, the Commission shall immediately inform the committee in order to initiate the procedures referred to in Article 6(1).

    2. Комиссия должна безотлагательно провести консультацию с заинтересованными сторонами. В случае, если после проведения такой консультации, Комиссия полагает, что такая мера обоснована, она должна немедленно информировать об этом Государство - член, которое выдвинуло эту инициативу, а также остальные Государства - члены. Если Комиссия после проведения такой консультации полагает, что действия не были обоснованными, она немедленно извещает об этом Государство - член, проявившее инициативу, и изготовителя, либо его уполномоченного представителя в Сообществе.

    Если решение, указанное в параграфе 1, основано на недостатках в стандартах, и если Государство - член на основании такого решения сохраняет свои позиции, то Комиссия должна немедленно информировать комитет для того, чтобы начать процедуры, описанные в Статье 6 (п. 1).

    3. Where:
    — machinery which does not comply bears the CE marking,
    — a safety component which does not comply is accompanied by an EC declaration of conformity,
    the competent Member State shall take appropriate action against whom so ever has affixed the marking or drawn up the declaration and shall so inform the Commission and other Member States.

    3. Если:
    - машинное оборудование, не соответствующие требованиям, имеют маркировку "СЕ",
    - компоненты безопасности, не соответствующие требованиям, имеют декларацию соответствия ЕС,
    компетентное Государство - член должно начать соответствующие действия против любого, кто поставил маркировку, или составил декларацию, и должно проинформировать об этом Комиссию и другие Государства - члены.

    4. The Commission shall ensure that Member States are kept informed of the progress and outcome of this procedure.

    4. Комиссия должна обеспечить, чтобы Государства – члены были постоянно информированы о ходе и результатах данной процедуры.

    CHAPTER II
    CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES
    Article 8

    1. The manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community must, in order to certify that machinery and safety components are in conformity with this Directive, draw up for all machinery or safety components manufactured an EC declaration of conformity based on the model given in Annex II, point A or C as appropriate.

    In addition, for machinery alone, the manufacturer or his authorised representatives established in the Community must affix to the machine the CE marking.

    Глава II
    Процедуры оценки соответствия
    Статья 8

    1. Для подтверждения того, что машинное оборудование, а также компоненты безопасности соответствуют положениям настоящей Директивы, изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен составить декларацию ЕС о соответствии на произведенное машинное оборудование и компоненты безопасности по образцу, приведенному в Приложении II, соответственно пунктам A или C.

    Корме того, на машинное оборудование изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен нанести маркировку "СЕ" в соответствии со Статьей 10.

    2. Before placing on the market, the manufacturer, or his authorised representative established in the Community, shall:
    (a) if the machinery is not referred to in Annex IV, draw up the file provided for in Annex V;
    (b) if the machinery is referred to in Annex IV and its manufacturer does not comply, or only partly complies, with the standards referred to in Article 5(2) or if there are no such standards, submit an example of the machinery for the EC type-examination referred to in Annex VI;
    (c) if the machinery is referred to in Annex IV and is manufactured in accordance with the standards referred to in Article 5(2):
    — either draw up the file referred to in Annex VI and forward it to a notified body, which will acknowledge receipt of the file as soon as possible and keep it,
    — submit the file referred to in Annex VI to the notified body, which will simply verify that the standards referred to in Article 5(2) have been correctly applied and will draw up a certificate of adequacy for the file,
    — or submit the example of the machinery for the EC type-examination referred to in Annex VI.

    2. Перед поставкой на рынок изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен:
    (a) в случае, если машинное оборудование не указано в Приложении IV, составить документацию, предусмотренную Приложением V;
    (b) если машинное оборудование указано в Приложении IV, и их изготовитель не выполняет, либо выполняет лишь частично требования стандартов, упомянутых в Статье 5 (2), либо, если таких стандартов не существует, то представить образец машинного оборудования для его испытания ЕС, определенного в Приложении VI;
    (c) если машинное оборудование указано в Приложении IV и изготовлено в соответствии со стандартами, определенными в Статье 5 (п. 2):
    - либо составить документацию, указанную в Приложении VI, и передать ее нотифицированному органу, который подтверждает получение документации в возможно короткие сроки, а также сохраняет ее;
    - представить документацию, указанную в Приложении VI, нотифицированному органу, который просто проверит, что стандарты, упомянутые в Статье 5 (2), были применены правильно и составит сертификат соответствия по этой документации;
    - либо представить образец машинного оборудования для испытания ЕС типового образца, определенного в Приложении VI.

    3. Where the first indent of paragraph 2(c) of this Article applies, the provisions of the first sentence of paragraphs 5 and 7 of Annex VI shall also apply.

    Where the second indent of paragraph 2(c) of this Article applies, the provisions of paragraphs 5, 6 and 7 of Annex VI shall also apply.

    3. В тех случаях, когда может быть применен первый абзац параграфа 2 (с) этой Статьи должны также применяться положения первого предложения параграфов 5 и 7 Приложения VI.

    В тех случаях, когда может быть применен второй абзац пункта 2 (с), должны также применяться положения параграфов 5, 6 и 7 Приложения VI.

    4. Where paragraph 2(a) and the first and second indents of paragraph 2(c) apply, the EC declaration of conformity shall solely state conformity with the essential requirements of the Directive.

    Where paragraph 2(b) and the third indent of paragraph 2(c) apply, the EC declaration of conformity shall state conformity with the example that underwent EC type-examination.

    4. В тех случаях, когда применяется параграф 2 (а) и первый и второй абзацы параграфа 2 (c), декларация ЕС о соответствии должна удостоверить соответствие основным требованиям настоящей Директивы.

    В случае, когда применяется параграф 2 (b) и третий абзац параграфа 2 (c), декларация ЕС о соответствии должна удостоверить соответствие образцу, прошедшему испытание ЕС типового образца.

    5. Safety components shall be subject to the certification procedures applicable to machinery pursuant to paragraphs 2, 3 and 4. Furthermore, during EC type-examination, the notified body shall verify the suitability of the safety component for fulfilling the safety functions declared by the manufacturer.

    5.Компоненты безопасности должны подвергаться процедурам сертификации, применимым к машинному оборудованию в соответствии с параграфами 2, 3, 4. Более того, во время испытания ЕС типового образца нотифицированный орган должен проверить пригодность компонентов безопасности для выполнения тех функций безопасности, которые заявлены изготовителем.

    6. (a) Where the machinery is subject to other Directives concerning other aspects and which also provide for the affixing of the CE marking, the latter shall indicate that the machinery is also presumed to conform to the provisions of those other Directives.
    (b) However, where one or more of those Directives allow the manufacturer, during a transitional period, to choose which arrangements to apply, the CE marking shall indicate conformity only to the Directives applied by the manufacturer. In this case, particulars of the Directives applied, as published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, must be given in the documents, notices or instructions required by the directives and accompanying such machinery.

    6. (a) В тех случаях, когда машинное оборудование подпадает под действие Директив по другим аспектам, которые также предусматривают нанесение маркировки "СЕ", последняя указывает, что такое машинное оборудование соответствуют положениям этих прочих директив.
    (b) Тем не менее, когда одна или несколько таких Директив позволяют изготовителям в течение переходного периода выбирать, какие из положений применить, маркировка "СЕ" будет указывать на соответствие только тем Директивам, которые применялись изготовителем. В этом случае подробная информация о примененных Директивах, опубликованных в Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ, должен приводиться в документах, аннотациях или инструкциях, требуемых в соответствии с Директивами, и сопровождать такое машинное оборудование.

    7. Where neither the manufacturer nor his authorised representative established in the Community fulfils the obligations of paragraphs 1 to 6, these obligations shall fall to any person placing the machinery or safety component on the market in the Community. The same obligations shall apply to any person assembling machinery or parts thereof or safety components of various origins or constructing machinery or safety components for his own use.

    7. Если ни изготовитель, ни его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе не выполнят своих обязательств по предыдущим параграфам, то эти обязательства должны быть выполнены любыми лицами, поставляющими машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности на рынок Сообщества. Такие же обязательства возлагаются на любые лица, осуществляющие сборку машинного оборудования, либо его частей или компонентов безопасности различного происхождения, либо создающие машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности для собственного пользования.

    8. The obligations referred to in paragraph 7 shall not apply to persons who assemble with a machine or tractor interchangeable equipment as provided for in Article 1, provided that the parts are compatible and each of the constituent parts of the assembled machine bears the CE marking and is accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity.

    8. Обязательства, изложенные в параграфе 7, не применяются к лицам, которые собирают с машиной, механизмом или транспортным средством взаимозаменяемое оборудование, указанное в Статье 1, при условии, что эти части совместимы, и каждая из частей машины в сборе имеет маркировку "СЕ" и Декларацию ЕС о соответствии.

    Article 9
    1. Member States shall notify the Commission and the other Member States of the approved bodies which they have appointed to carry out the procedures referred to in Article 8 together with the specific tasks which these bodies have been appointed to carry out and the identification numbers assigned to them beforehand by the Commission.
    The Commission shall publish in the Official Journal of the European Communities a list of the notified bodies and their identification numbers and the tasks for which they have been notified. The Commission shall ensure that this list is kept up to date.

    Статья 9
    1. Государства - члены должны уведомить Комиссию и другие Государства - члены об утвержденных органах, которые назначаются для выполнения процедур, описанных в Статье 8, также как и для различных особых задач, которые этим органам предназначено выполнять, и об идентификационных номерах, предварительно присвоенных им Комиссией.

    В Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ Комиссия должна публиковать список таких нотифицированных органов и их идентификационные номера, а также задачи, для решения которых они предназначены. Комиссия должна обеспечить своевременность обновления списка.

    2. Member States shall apply the criteria laid down in Annex VII in assessing the bodies to be indicated in such notification. Bodies meeting the assessment criteria laid down in the relevant harmonised standards shall be presumed to fulfil those criteria.

    2. Государства - члены должны применять критерии, изложенные в Приложении VII, для определения органов, которые будут указаны в таких назначениях. Органы, удовлетворяющие критериям, изложенным в соответствующих гармонизированных стандартах, считаются соответствующими критериям.

    3. A Member State which has approved a body must withdraw its notification if it finds that the body no longer meets the criteria referred to in Annex VII. It shall immediately inform the Commission and the other Member States accordingly.

    3. Государство - член, утвердившее такой орган, должно отменить его назначение, если оно обнаружит, что он больше не соответствует критериям, изложенным в Приложении VII. Государство - член должно немедленно известить об этом Комиссию и другие Государства - члены.

    CHAPTER III
    CE MARKING
    Article 10
    1. The CE conformity marking shall consist of the initials ‘CE’. The form of the marking to be used is shown in Annex III.

    ГЛАВА III
    МАРКИРОВКА "СЕ"
    Статья 10
    1. Маркировка "СЕ" состоит из заглавных букв "СЕ". Форма маркировки, которая будет использоваться, указана в Приложении III.

    2. The CE marking shall be affixed to machinery distinctly and visibly in accordance with point 1.7.3 of Annex I.

    2. Маркировка "СЕ" должна наноситься на машинное оборудование четко, на видном месте в соответствии с пунктом 1.7.3. Приложения I.

    3. The affixing of markings on the machinery which are likely to deceive third parties as to the meaning and form of the CE marking shall be prohibited. Any other marking may be affixed to the machinery provided that the visibility and legibility of the CE marking is not thereby reduced.

    3. Нанесение маркировок на машинное оборудование таким образом, что это может ввести в заблуждение относительно значения и формы маркировки "СЕ", запрещено. Любые другие маркировки могут быть нанесены на машинное оборудование таким образом, чтобы не мешать видимости и различимости маркировки "СЕ".

    4. Without prejudice to Article 7:
    (a) where a Member State establishes that the CE marking has been affixed unduly, the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community shall be obliged to make the product conform as regards the provisions concerning the CE marking and to end the infringement under the conditions imposed by the Member State;

    (b) where non-conformity continues, the Member State must take all appropriate measures to restrict or prohibit the placing on the market of the product in question or to ensure that it is withdrawn from the market in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 7.

    4. Без ограничения применения Статьи 7:
    (a) если Государство - член устанавливает, что маркировка "СЕ" была нанесена неправильно, изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе будет обязан привести продукцию в соответствии с положениями, касающимися маркировки "СЕ" и положить конец нарушениям на условиях, установленных Государством - членом;

    (b) если такое несоответствие будет продолжаться, то Государство - член должно принять все соответствующие меры для ограничения или запрещения поставки на рынок такой продукции, либо обеспечить изъятие ее с рынка в соответствии с процедурами, изложенными в Статье 7.

    CHAPTER IV
    FINAL PROVISIONS
    Article 11

    Any decision taken pursuant to this Directive which restricts the placing on the market and putting into service of machinery or a safety component shall state the exact grounds on which it is based. Such a decision shall be notified as soon as possible to the party concerned, who shall at the same time be informed of the legal remedies available to him under the laws in force in the Member State concerned and of the time limits to which such remedies are subject.

    ГЛАВА IV
    ЗАКЛЮЧИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ
    Статья 11

    Любое решение, принятое в исполнение настоящей Директивы, ограничивающее поставку на рынок и ввод в эксплуатацию машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, должно указывать точные причины, на которых оно основано. Такое решение должно быть по возможности быстро доведено до сведения заинтересованных сторон, их также следует проинформировать о законных мерах, которые могут быть предприняты по действующему законодательству в соответствующем Государстве - члене и о сроках, в которые данные меры применяются.

    Article 12
    The Commission will take the necessary steps to have information on all the relevant decisions relating to the management of this Directive made available.

    Статья 12
    Комиссия предпримет все необходимые шаги для получения информации по всем соответствующим решениям, касающимся применения и распространения настоящей Директивы.

    Article 13
    1. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the texts of the provisions of national law which they adopt in the field governed by this Directive.

    2. The Commission shall, before 1 January 1994, examine the progress made in the standardisation work relating to this Directive and propose any appropriate measures.

    Статья 13
    1. Государства - члены должны передать Комиссии тексты положений национальных законодательных актов, принимаемых в сфере, определяемой настоящей Директивой.

    2. Комиссия должна до 1 января 1994 г. изучить развитие работ по стандартизации, относящиеся к области действия настоящей Директивы и предложить любые целесообразные меры.

    Тематики

    EN

     

    машины
    оборудование


    [Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва]

    машины
    Машина представляет собой аппарат, использующий или применяющий механическую энергию, состоящий из нескольких частей — каждая со своими определенными функциями, которые вместе выполняют некоторые виды работ. Для целей анализа это понятие включает отдельные машины или наборы машин. См. Машины и оборудование (МСО)
    [ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

     

    машины и оборудование

    [ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    машины и оборудование
    МСО
    Часть основных фондов компании (предприятия), которая включает устройства, преобразующие энергию, материалы и информацию. В аналитической и оценочной практике в общее понятие М. и о. включаются отдельно оцениваемые установки, машины, оборудование и транспортные средства, подразделяемые на виды, а каждый вид – на марки (последним термином для краткости можно обозначать разные модели и модификации машины). Разные марки машин одного вида используются для одних и тех же целей: они способны производить одну и ту же продукцию, выполнять одни и те же работы или оказывать одни и те же услуги ( в противном случае их надо относить в другому виду машин), а следовательно, «взаимозаменяемы» и являются товарами, конкурирующими между собой на рынке Рынок машин каждого вида делится на первичный (новые М..) и вторичный (бывшие в эксплуатации), для которых применяются разные оценочные приемы и инструменты.. М.и о. являются главным объектом инвестирования при разработке и реализации инвестиционного проекта, и, соответственно, одним из основных элементов оценки инвестиционных проектов. Важно, что в отличие от ценных бумаг, акций, М.и о. являются объектами реальных инвестиций, а не финансовых инвестиций.
    [ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

    EN

    machinery
    A group of parts or machines arranged to perform a useful function. (Source: MGH)
    [http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    DE

    FR

     

    механизм
    Совокупность подвижно соединённых звеньев, совершающих под действием приложенных сил заранее определённые целесообразные движения
    [Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

    машины, механизмы

    Совокупность связанных между собой частей и устройств, как минимум одно из которых движется, имеет соответствующий привод, органы управления и энергетические узлы, соединенные вместе для определенного применения, например для обработки, переработки, производства, транспортирования или упаковки материалов.
    Термины «машина» и «механизм» также распространяются на совокупность машин, которые размещаются и управляются таким образом, чтобы функционировать как единое целое.
    Примечание
    В приложении А приведено общее схематическое изображение машины.
    [ ГОСТ Р ИСО 12100-1:2007]

    EN

    DE

    FR

     

    оборудование
    Совокупность связанных между собой частей или устройств, из которых по крайней мере одно движется, а также элементы привода, управления и энергетические узлы, которые предназначены для определенного применения, в частности для обработки, производства, перемещения или упаковки материала. К термину «оборудование» относят также машину и совокупность машин, которые так устроены и управляемы, что они функционируют как единое целое для достижения одной и той же цели.
    [ГОСТ ЕН 1070-2003]

    оборудование
    -

    [IEV number 151-11-25 ]

    оборудование
    Оснащение, материалы, приспособления, устройства, механизмы, приборы, инструменты и другие принадлежности, используемые в качестве частей электрической установки или в соединении с ней.
    [ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60204-1-2007]

    EN

    equipment
    single apparatus or set of devices or apparatuses, or the set of main devices of an installation, or all devices necessary to perform a specific task
    NOTE – Examples of equipment are a power transformer, the equipment of a substation, measuring equipment.
    [IEV number 151-11-25 ]

    equipment
    material, fittings, devices, components, appliances, fixtures, apparatus, and the like used as part of, or in connection with, the electrical equipment of machines
    [IEC 60204-1-2006]

    FR

    équipement, m
    matériel, m
    appareil unique ou ensemble de dispositifs ou appareils, ou ensemble des dispositifs principaux d'une installation, ou ensemble des dispositifs nécessaires à l'accomplissement d'une tâche particulière
    NOTE – Des exemples d’équipement ou de matériel sont un transformateur de puissance, l’équipement d’une sous-station, un équipement de mesure.
    [IEV number 151-11-25]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

     

    организационный аппарат

    [ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]

    Тематики

    • электросвязь, основные понятия

    EN

    3.26 машины (machinery): Устройство, состоящее из соединенных между собой частей или компонентов, по крайней мере, один из которых движется, с соответствующими исполнительными механизмами, силовыми цепями и цепями управления и т.д., объединенных вместе в целях конкретного применения, в частности, для обработки, переработки, перемещения или упаковки материала (материал означает эквивалент вещества или изделия).

    Термин «машины» одновременно означает совокупность машин и механизмов, которые для достижения одной и той же цели установлены и управляются таким образом, что они функционируют как единое целое.

    Источник: ГОСТ Р ЕН 1127-2-2009: Взрывоопасные среды. Взрывозащита и предотвращение взрыва. Часть 2. Основополагающая концепция и методология (для подземных выработок)

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > machinery

  • 11 hold

    hold [həʊld]
    tenir1A (a), 1A (f), 1B (a), 1B (b), 1D (b), 1D (d), 2 (d) avoir1A (c) retenir1A (e), 1C (b) contenir1A (f) exercer1A (g) réserver1A (e), 1A (h) conserver1A (i) stocker1A (i) maintenir1B (a) détenir1A (i), 1C (a) croire1D (a) continuer1D (e) se tenir2 (a) tenir bon2 (b) durer2 (c) attendre2 (f) prise3D (a)-(c) en attente4D
    (pt & pp held [held])
    A.
    (a) (clasp, grasp) tenir;
    to hold sth in one's hand (book, clothing, guitar) avoir qch à la main; (key, money) tenir qch dans la main;
    to hold sth with both hands tenir qch à deux mains;
    will you hold my coat a second? peux-tu prendre ou tenir mon manteau un instant?;
    to hold the door for sb tenir la porte à ou pour qn;
    also figurative to hold sb's hand tenir la main à qn;
    to hold hands se donner la main, se tenir (par) la main;
    hold my hand while we cross the street donne-moi la main pour traverser la rue;
    to hold sb in one's arms tenir qn dans ses bras;
    to hold sb close or tight serrer qn contre soi;
    hold it tight and don't let go tiens-le bien et ne le lâche pas;
    to hold one's nose se boucher le nez;
    to hold one's sides with laughter se tenir les côtes de rire
    (b) (keep, sustain)
    to hold sb's attention/interest retenir l'attention de qn;
    the film doesn't hold the attention for long le film ne retient pas l'attention très longtemps;
    to hold an audience tenir un auditoire;
    to hold one's serve (in tennis) défendre son service;
    Politics to hold a seat (to be an MP) occuper un siège de député; (to be re-elected) être réélu;
    to hold one's own se défendre, bien se débrouiller;
    the Prime Minister held her own during the debate le Premier ministre a tenu bon ou ferme pendant le débat;
    she is well able to hold her own elle sait se défendre;
    he can hold his own in chess il se défend bien aux échecs;
    our products hold their own against the competition nos produits se tiennent bien par rapport à la concurrence;
    to hold the floor garder la parole;
    the senator held the floor for an hour le sénateur a gardé la parole pendant une heure
    (c) (have, possess → degree, permit, ticket) avoir, posséder; (→ job, position) avoir, occuper;
    do you hold a clean driving licence? avez-vous déjà été sanctionné pour des infractions au code de la route?;
    she holds the post of treasurer elle occupe le poste de trésorière;
    to hold office (chairperson, deputy) être en fonction, remplir sa fonction; (minister) détenir ou avoir un portefeuille; (political party, president) être au pouvoir ou au gouvernement;
    Religion to hold a living jouir d'un bénéfice;
    Finance to hold stock or shares détenir ou avoir des actions;
    to hold 5 percent of the shares in a company détenir 5 pour cent du capital d'une société;
    also figurative to hold a record détenir un record;
    she holds the world record for the javelin elle détient le record mondial du javelot
    the guerrillas held the bridge for several hours les guérilleros ont tenu le pont plusieurs heures durant;
    Military to hold the enemy contenir l'ennemi;
    figurative to hold centre stage occuper le centre de la scène;
    hold it!, hold everything! (stop and wait) attendez!; (stay still) arrêtez!, ne bougez plus!;
    familiar figurative hold your horses! pas si vite!
    (e) (reserve, set aside) retenir, réserver;
    we'll hold the book for you until next week nous vous réserverons le livre ou nous vous mettrons le livre de côté jusqu'à la semaine prochaine;
    will the restaurant hold the table for us? est-ce que le restaurant va nous garder la table?
    (f) (contain) contenir, tenir;
    this bottle holds 2 litres cette bouteille contient 2 litres;
    will this suitcase hold all our clothes? est-ce que cette valise sera assez grande pour tous nos vêtements?;
    the car is too small to hold us all la voiture est trop petite pour qu'on y tienne tous;
    the hall holds a maximum of 250 people la salle peut accueillir ou recevoir 250 personnes au maximum, il y a de la place pour 250 personnes au maximum dans cette salle;
    to hold one's drink bien supporter l'alcool;
    the letter holds the key to the murder la lettre contient la clé du meurtre
    (g) (have, exercise) exercer;
    the subject holds a huge fascination for some people le sujet exerce une énorme fascination sur certaines personnes;
    sport held no interest for them pour eux, le sport ne présentait aucun intérêt
    (h) (have in store) réserver;
    who knows what the future may hold? qui sait ce que nous réserve l'avenir?
    (i) (conserve, store) conserver, détenir; Computing stocker;
    we can't hold this data forever nous ne pouvons pas conserver ou stocker ces données éternellement;
    how much data will this disk hold? quelle quantité de données cette disquette peut-elle stocker?;
    the commands are held in the memory/in a temporary buffer les instructions sont gardées en mémoire/sont enregistrées dans une mémoire intermédiaire;
    my lawyer holds a copy of my will mon avocat détient ou conserve un exemplaire de mon testament;
    this photo holds fond memories for me cette photo me rappelle de bons souvenirs
    the new car holds the road well la nouvelle voiture tient bien la route
    B.
    (a) (maintain in position) tenir, maintenir;
    she held her arms by her sides elle avait les bras le long du corps;
    her hair was held in place with hairpins des épingles (à cheveux) retenaient ou maintenaient ses cheveux;
    what's holding the picture in place? qu'est-ce qui tient ou maintient le tableau en place?;
    hold the picture a bit higher tenez le tableau un peu plus haut
    (b) (carry) tenir;
    to hold oneself upright or erect se tenir droit;
    also figurative to hold one's head high garder la tête haute
    C.
    (a) (confine, detain) détenir;
    the police are holding him for questioning la police l'a gardé à vue pour l'interroger;
    they're holding him for murder ils l'ont arrêté pour meurtre;
    she was held without trial for six weeks elle est restée en prison six semaines sans avoir été jugée
    (b) (keep back, retain) retenir;
    Law to hold sth in trust for sb tenir qch par fidéicommis pour qn;
    the post office will hold my mail for me while I'm away la poste gardera mon courrier pendant mon absence;
    figurative once she starts talking politics there's no holding her! dès qu'elle commence à parler politique, rien ne peut l'arrêter!;
    American one burger, hold the mustard! (in restaurant) un hamburger, sans moutarde!
    don't hold dinner for me ne m'attendez pas pour dîner;
    they held the plane another thirty minutes ils ont retenu l'avion au sol pendant encore trente minutes;
    hold all decisions on the project until I get back attendez mon retour pour prendre des décisions concernant le projet;
    hold the front page! ne lancez pas la une tout de suite!;
    hold the lift! ne laissez pas les portes de l'ascenseur se refermer, j'arrive!
    we have held costs to a minimum nous avons limité nos frais au minimum;
    inflation has been held at the same level for several months le taux d'inflation est maintenu au même niveau depuis plusieurs mois;
    they held their opponents to a goalless draw ils ont réussi à imposer le match nul
    D.
    (a) (assert, claim) maintenir, soutenir; (believe) croire, considérer;
    formal I hold that teachers should be better paid je considère ou j'estime que les enseignants devraient être mieux payés;
    the Constitution holds that all men are free la Constitution stipule que tous les hommes sont libres;
    he holds strong beliefs on the subject of abortion il a de solides convictions en ce qui concerne l'avortement;
    she holds strong views on the subject elle a une opinion bien arrêtée sur le sujet;
    her statement is held to be true sa déclaration passe pour vraie
    (b) (consider, regard) tenir, considérer;
    to hold sb responsible for sth tenir qn pour responsable de qch;
    I'll hold you responsible if anything goes wrong je vous tiendrai pour responsable ou je vous considérerai responsable s'il y a le moindre incident;
    the president is to be held accountable for his actions le président doit répondre de ses actes;
    to hold sb in contempt mépriser ou avoir du mépris pour qn;
    to hold sb in high esteem avoir beaucoup d'estime pour qn, tenir qn en haute estime
    (c) Law (judge) juger;
    the appeal court held the evidence to be insufficient la cour d'appel a considéré que les preuves étaient insuffisantes
    (d) (carry on, engage in → conversation, meeting) tenir; (→ party) donner; (organize) organiser;
    to hold an election/elections procéder à une élection/à des élections;
    the book fair is held in Frankfurt la foire du livre se tient ou a lieu à Francfort;
    the classes are held in the evening les cours ont lieu le soir;
    interviews will be held in early May les entretiens auront lieu au début du mois de mai ou début mai;
    to hold talks être en pourparlers;
    the city is holding a service for Armistice Day la ville organise un office pour commémorer le 11 novembre;
    mass is held at eleven o'clock la messe est célébrée à onze heures
    Nautical to hold course tenir la route;
    we held our southerly course nous avons maintenu le cap au sud, nous avons continué notre route vers le sud;
    Music to hold a note tenir une note
    will you hold (the line)? voulez-vous patienter?;
    hold the line! ne quittez pas!;
    the line's busy just now - I'll hold le poste est occupé pour le moment - je patiente ou je reste en ligne;
    hold all my calls ne me passez aucun appel
    (a) (cling → person) se tenir, s'accrocher;
    she held tight to the railing elle s'est cramponnée ou accrochée à la rampe;
    hold fast!, hold tight! accrochez-vous bien!;
    figurative their resolve held fast or firm in the face of fierce opposition ils ont tenu bon face à une opposition acharnée
    (b) (remain in place → nail, fastening) tenir bon;
    the rope won't hold for long la corde ne tiendra pas longtemps
    (c) (last → luck) durer; (→ weather) durer, se maintenir;
    prices held at the same level as last year les prix se sont maintenus au même niveau que l'année dernière;
    the pound held firm against the dollar la livre s'est maintenue par rapport au dollar;
    we might buy him a guitar if his interest in music holds nous lui achèterons peut-être une guitare s'il continue à s'intéresser à la musique
    (d) (remain valid → invitation, offer) tenir; (→ argument, theory) valoir, être valable;
    to hold good (invitation, offer) tenir; (promises) tenir, valoir; (argument, theory) rester valable;
    the principle still holds good le principe tient ou vaut toujours;
    that theory only holds if you consider... cette théorie n'est valable que si vous prenez en compte...;
    the same holds for Spain il en est de même pour l'Espagne
    (e) (stay, remain) familiar
    hold still! ne bougez pas!
    (f) (on telephone) attendre;
    the line's British engaged or American busy, will you hold? la ligne est occupée, voulez-vous patienter?
    3 noun
    (a) (grasp, grip) prise f; (in wrestling) prise f; Boxing tenu m;
    to catch or to grab or to seize or to take hold of sth se saisir de ou saisir qch;
    she caught hold of the rope elle a saisi la corde;
    grab (a) hold of that towel tiens! prends cette serviette;
    there was nothing for me to grab hold of il n'y avait rien à quoi m'accrocher ou me cramponner;
    get a good or take a firm hold on or of the railing tenez-vous bien à la balustrade;
    I still had hold of his hand je le tenais toujours par la main;
    to get hold of sth (find) se procurer ou trouver qch;
    it's difficult to get hold of this book ce livre est difficile à trouver;
    we got hold of the book you wanted nous avons trouvé le livre que tu voulais;
    where did you get hold of that idea? où est-ce que tu es allé chercher cette idée?;
    to get hold of sb trouver qn;
    I've been trying to get hold of you all week! je t'ai cherché toute la semaine!;
    just wait till the newspapers get hold of the story attendez un peu que les journaux s'emparent de la nouvelle;
    she kept hold of the rope elle n'a pas lâché la corde;
    you'd better keep hold of the tickets tu ferais bien de garder les billets;
    get a hold on yourself ressaisis-toi, ne te laisse pas aller;
    to take hold (fire) prendre; (idea) se répandre;
    Sport & figurative no holds barred tous les coups sont permis
    (b) (controlling force or influence) prise f, influence f;
    the Church still exerts a strong hold on the country l'Église a toujours une forte mainmise sur le pays;
    to have a hold over sb avoir de l'influence sur qn;
    I have no hold over him je n'ai aucune prise ou influence sur lui;
    the Mafia obviously has some kind of hold over him de toute évidence, la Mafia le tient d'une manière ou d'une autre
    (c) (in climbing) prise f
    (d) (delay, pause) pause f, arrêt m;
    the company has put a hold on all new orders l'entreprise a suspendu ou gelé toutes les nouvelles commandes
    (e) American (order to reserve) réservation f;
    the association put a hold on all the hotel rooms l'association a réservé toutes les chambres de l'hôtel
    (f) (prison) prison f; (cell) cellule f; (fortress) place f forte
    (g) (store → in plane) soute f; (→ in ship) cale f
    (h) Music point m d'orgue
    (gen) & Telecommunications en attente;
    to put sb on hold mettre qn en attente;
    we've put the project on hold nous avons mis le projet en attente;
    the operator kept me on hold for ten minutes le standardiste m'a mis en attente pendant dix minutes
    to hold sth against sb en vouloir à qn de qch;
    his collaboration with the enemy will be held against him sa collaboration avec l'ennemi lui sera préjudiciable;
    he lied to her and she still holds it against him il lui a menti et elle lui en veut toujours;
    I hope you won't hold it against me if I decide not to accept j'espère que tu ne m'en voudras pas si je décide de ne pas accepter
    (a) (control, restrain → animal, person) retenir, tenir; (→ crowd, enemy forces) contenir; (→ anger, laughter, tears) retenir, réprimer; (→ inflation) contenir;
    the government has succeeded in holding back inflation le gouvernement a réussi à contenir l'inflation
    (b) (keep → money, supplies) retenir; figurative (→ information, truth) cacher, taire;
    she's holding something back from me elle me cache quelque chose
    they held her back a year ils lui ont fait redoubler une classe, ils l'ont fait redoubler
    (d) (prevent progress of) empêcher de progresser;
    his difficulties with maths are holding him back ses difficultés en maths l'empêchent de progresser;
    lack of investment is holding industry back l'absence d'investissements freine l'industrie
    (stay back) rester en arrière; figurative (restrain oneself) se retenir;
    he has held back from making a commitment il s'est abstenu de s'engager;
    the president held back before sending in the army le président a hésité avant d'envoyer les troupes;
    don't hold back, tell me everything vas-y, dis-moi tout
    (a) (keep in place → paper, carpet) maintenir en place; (→ person) forcer à rester par terre, maintenir au sol;
    it took four men to hold him down il a fallu quatre hommes pour le maîtriser ou pour le maintenir au sol
    (b) (keep to limit) restreindre, limiter;
    they're holding unemployment down to 4 percent ils maintiennent le taux de chômage à 4 pour cent;
    to hold prices down empêcher les prix de monter, empêcher la montée des prix
    to hold down a job (occupy) avoir un emploi; (keep) garder un emploi;
    he's never managed to hold down a job il n'a jamais pu garder un emploi bien longtemps;
    although she's a student, she holds down a full-time job bien qu'elle étudie, elle occupe un poste à plein temps
    (d) Computing (key, mouse button) maintenir enfoncé
    pérorer, disserter;
    he held forth on the evils of drink il a fait un long discours sur les conséquences néfastes de l'alcool
    (a) (stomach) rentrer
    (b) (emotion) retenir; (anger) contenir
    (a) (keep at distance) tenir à distance ou éloigné;
    the troops held off the enemy les troupes ont tenu l'ennemi à distance;
    they managed to hold off the attack ils ont réussi à repousser l'attaque;
    I can't hold the reporters off any longer je ne peux plus faire attendre ou patienter les journalistes
    (b) (delay, put off) remettre à plus tard;
    he held off going to see the doctor until May il a attendu le mois de mai pour aller voir le médecin;
    I held off making a decision j'ai remis la décision à plus tard
    at least the rain held off au moins il n'a pas plu
    (b) (abstain) s'abstenir;
    hold off from smoking for a few weeks abstenez-vous de fumer ou ne fumez pas pendant quelques semaines
    hold on
    (a) (grasp, grip) tenir bien, s'accrocher;
    to hold on to sth bien tenir qch, s'accrocher à qch, se cramponner à qch;
    hold on! accrochez-vous!;
    hold on to your hat! tenez votre chapeau (sur la tête)!
    hold on to this contract for me (keep it) garde-moi ce contrat;
    all politicians try to hold on to power tous les hommes politiques essaient de rester au pouvoir;
    hold on to your dreams/ideals accrochez-vous à vos rêves/idéaux
    (c) (continue, persevere) tenir, tenir le coup;
    how long can you hold on? combien de temps pouvez-vous tenir (le coup)?;
    I can't hold on much longer je ne peux pas tenir (le coup) beaucoup plus longtemps
    (d) (wait) attendre; (stop) arrêter;
    hold on just one minute! (stop) arrêtez!; (wait) attendez!, pas si vite!;
    hold on, how do I know I can trust you? attends un peu! qu'est-ce qui me prouve que je peux te faire confiance?;
    Telecommunications hold on please! ne quittez pas!;
    I had to hold on for several minutes j'ai dû patienter plusieurs minutes
    (maintain in place) tenir ou maintenir en place;
    her hat is held on with pins son chapeau est maintenu (en place) par des épingles
    (a) (last → supplies, stocks) durer;
    will the car hold out till we get home? la voiture tiendra-t-elle (le coup) jusqu'à ce qu'on rentre?
    (b) (refuse to yield) tenir bon, tenir le coup;
    the garrison held out for weeks la garnison a tenu bon pendant des semaines;
    the management held out against any suggested changes la direction a refusé tous les changements proposés
    (extend) tendre;
    she held out the book to him elle lui a tendu le livre;
    also figurative to hold out one's hand to sb tendre la main à qn;
    I held out my hand j'ai tendu la main;
    his mother held her arms out to him sa mère lui a ouvert ou tendu les bras
    (offer) offrir;
    I can't hold out any promise of improvement je ne peux promettre aucune amélioration;
    the doctors hold out little hope for him les médecins ont peu d'espoir pour lui;
    science holds out some hope for cancer patients la science offre un espoir pour les malades du cancer
    exiger;
    the workers held out for a shorter working week les ouvriers réclamaient une semaine de travail plus courte;
    we're holding out for a higher offer nous attendons qu'on nous en offre un meilleur prix
    you're holding out on me! tu me caches quelque chose!
    (a) (position) tenir au-dessus de;
    she held the glass over the sink elle tenait le verre au-dessus de l'évier;
    figurative they hold the threat of redundancy over their workers ils maintiennent la menace de licenciement sur leurs ouvriers
    (b) (postpone) remettre, reporter;
    we'll hold these items over until the next meeting on va remettre ces questions à la prochaine réunion;
    payment was held over for six months le paiement a été différé pendant six mois
    (c) (retain) retenir, garder;
    they're holding the show over for another month ils vont laisser le spectacle à l'affiche encore un mois
    (d) Music tenir
    hold to
    (promise, tradition) s'en tenir à, rester fidèle à; (decision) maintenir, s'en tenir à;
    you must hold to your principles vous devez rester fidèle à vos principes
    we held him to his promise nous lui avons fait tenir parole;
    if I win, I'll buy you lunch - I'll hold you to that! si je gagne, je t'invite à déjeuner - je te prends au mot!
    (book, car) maintenir; (two objects) maintenir ensemble; (community, family) maintenir l'union de;
    the two pieces of wood are held together by nails les deux morceaux de bois sont cloués ensemble;
    we need a leader who can hold the workers together il nous faut un chef qui puisse rallier les ouvriers
    hold up
    (a) (lift, raise) lever, élever;
    I held up my hand j'ai levé la main;
    hold the picture up to the light tenez la photo à contre-jour;
    to hold up one's head redresser la tête;
    figurative she felt she would never be able to hold her head up again elle pensait qu'elle ne pourrait plus jamais marcher la tête haute
    (b) (support) soutenir;
    my trousers were held up with safety pins mon pantalon était maintenu par des épingles de sûreté
    they were held up as an example of efficient local government on les présentaient comme un exemple de gouvernement local compétent;
    to hold sb up to ridicule tourner qn en ridicule
    (d) (delay) retarder; (stop) arrêter;
    the traffic held us up la circulation nous a mis en retard;
    the accident held up traffic for an hour l'accident a bloqué la circulation pendant une heure;
    our departure was held up by bad weather notre départ a été retardé par le mauvais temps;
    I was held up j'ai été retenu;
    the project was held up for lack of funds (before it started) le projet a été mis en attente faute de financement; (after it started) le projet a été interrompu faute de financement;
    the goods were held up at customs les marchandises ont été immobilisées à la douane
    (e) (rob) faire une attaque à main armée;
    to hold up a bank faire un hold-up dans une banque
    (clothing, equipment) tenir; (supplies) tenir, durer; (weather) se maintenir;
    the car held up well during the trip la voiture a bien tenu le coup pendant le voyage;
    she's holding up well under the pressure elle supporte bien la pression;
    my finances are holding up well je tiens le coup financièrement
    British (agree with) être d'accord avec; (approve of) approuver;
    I don't hold with her ideas on socialism je ne suis pas d'accord avec ou je ne partage pas ses idées concernant le socialisme;
    his mother doesn't hold with private schools sa mère est contre ou désapprouve les écoles privées

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > hold

  • 12 hold

    I [həʊld]
    1) (grasp) presa f.

    to get hold of — afferrare [ rope]

    to keep (a) hold of o on — mantenere la presa su [ ball]

    to get hold of — procurarsi [book, ticket]; [ press] venire a sapere [ story]; scoprire [ information]

    to get hold of — chiamare, contattare

    4) (control) controllo m., influenza f., ascendente m. (on, over su)
    5) (storage, area) aer. bagagliaio m.; mar. stiva f.
    6) (in wrestling) presa f.
    7) (of spray, gel) fissaggio m.
    8) tel.

    to put a project on holdrimandare o sospendere momentaneamente un progetto

    II 1. [həʊld]
    verbo transitivo (pass., p.pass. held)
    1) (clasp) tenere

    to hold sth. in one's hand — tenere [qcs.] in mano [brush, pencil]; (enclosed) stringere [qcs.] in mano [ coin]

    to hold sb. by — tenere qcn. per [sleeve, leg]

    to hold sb. (in one's arms) — tenere qcn. tra le braccia

    to hold sth. in place o position — tenere qcs. a posto

    3) (arrange) organizzare [competition, election]; tenere [ conversation]; celebrare [ church service]; condurre [ enquiry]; fare [ interview]

    to be heldavere luogo o tenersi

    4) (have capacity for) [ theatre] avere una capacità di, (potere) contenere [ 350 people]
    5) (contain) [drawer, box] contenere [ objects]
    6) (support) reggere [ load]
    7) (restrain) tenere [ dog]

    there'll be no holding himfig. non lo tiene nessuno

    8) (keep against will) trattenere [ person]

    to hold sb. hostage — tenere qcn. in ostaggio

    9) (possess) possedere, avere [shares, power]; detenere [record, sporting title]; occupare [job, position]; avere, essere in possesso di [licence, degree]; avere [ title]; [ computer] conservare [ information]; avere [ mortgage]
    10) (keep back) tenere [place, ticket]; fare aspettare [train, flight]; tenere, non inviare [ letter]; tenere in sospeso [ order]

    hold it!colloq. un momento! aspetta un attimo!

    11) (believe) avere [opinion, belief]

    to hold sb., sth. to be — ritenere che qcn., qcs. sia

    to hold that — [ person] pensare che; [ law] dire che

    to hold sb. liable o responsible — ritenere qcn. responsabile

    12) (defend successfully) tenere [territory, city]; conservare, mantenere [ title]; mantenere [seat, lead]

    to hold one's own — tenere duro, non demordere

    13) (captivate) tenere desta l'attenzione di [ audience]; attirare [ attention]
    14) tel.

    to hold the lineattendere o restare in linea

    15) mus. tenere [ note]
    16) aut.
    2.
    verbo intransitivo (pass., p.pass. held)
    1) (remain intact) [rope, glue] tenere; fig. (anche hold good) [ theory] reggere
    2) (continue) [ weather] tenere, mantenersi; [ luck] durare
    3) tel. attendere (in linea)
    3.
    verbo riflessivo (pass., p.pass. held)
    * * *
    I 1. [həuld] past tense, past participle - held; verb
    1) (to have in one's hand(s) or between one's hands: He was holding a knife; Hold that dish with both hands; He held the little boy's hand; He held the mouse by its tail.)
    2) (to have in a part, or between parts, of the body, or between parts of a tool etc: He held the pencil in his teeth; She was holding a pile of books in her arms; Hold the stamp with tweezers.)
    3) (to support or keep from moving, running away, falling etc: What holds that shelf up?; He held the door closed by leaning against it; Hold your hands above your head; Hold his arms so that he can't struggle.)
    4) (to remain in position, fixed etc when under strain: I've tied the two pieces of string together, but I'm not sure the knot will hold; Will the anchor hold in a storm?)
    5) (to keep (a person) in some place or in one's power: The police are holding a man for questioning in connection with the murder; He was held captive.)
    6) (to (be able to) contain: This jug holds two pints; You can't hold water in a handkerchief; This drawer holds all my shirts.)
    7) (to cause to take place: The meeting will be held next week; We'll hold the meeting in the hall.)
    8) (to keep (oneself), or to be, in a particular state or condition: We'll hold ourselves in readiness in case you send for us; She holds herself very erect.)
    9) (to have or be in (a job etc): He held the position of company secretary for five years.)
    10) (to think strongly; to believe; to consider or regard: I hold that this was the right decision; He holds me (to be) responsible for everyone's mistakes; He is held in great respect; He holds certain very odd beliefs.)
    11) (to continue to be valid or apply: Our offer will hold until next week; These rules hold under all circumstances.)
    12) ((with to) to force (a person) to do something he has promised to do: I intend to hold him to his promises.)
    13) (to defend: They held the castle against the enemy.)
    14) (not to be beaten by: The general realized that the soldiers could not hold the enemy for long.)
    15) (to keep (a person's attention): If you can't hold your pupils' attention, you can't be a good teacher.)
    16) (to keep someone in a certain state: Don't hold us in suspense, what was the final decision?)
    17) (to celebrate: The festival is held on 24 June.)
    18) (to be the owner of: He holds shares in this company.)
    19) ((of good weather) to continue: I hope the weather holds until after the school sports.)
    20) ((also hold the line) (of a person who is making a telephone call) to wait: Mr Brown is busy at the moment - will you hold or would you like him to call you back?)
    21) (to continue to sing: Please hold that note for four whole beats.)
    22) (to keep (something): They'll hold your luggage at the station until you collect it.)
    23) ((of the future) to be going to produce: I wonder what the future holds for me?)
    2. noun
    1) (the act of holding: He caught/got/laid/took hold of the rope and pulled; Keep hold of that rope.)
    2) (power; influence: He has a strange hold over that girl.)
    3) ((in wrestling etc) a manner of holding one's opponent: The wrestler invented a new hold.)
    - - holder
    - hold-all
    - get hold of
    - hold back
    - hold down
    - hold forth
    - hold good
    - hold it
    - hold off
    - hold on
    - hold out
    - hold one's own
    - hold one's tongue
    - hold up
    - hold-up
    - hold with
    II [həuld] noun
    ((in ships) the place, below the deck, where cargo is stored.)
    * * *
    I [həʊld]
    1) (grasp) presa f.

    to get hold of — afferrare [ rope]

    to keep (a) hold of o on — mantenere la presa su [ ball]

    to get hold of — procurarsi [book, ticket]; [ press] venire a sapere [ story]; scoprire [ information]

    to get hold of — chiamare, contattare

    4) (control) controllo m., influenza f., ascendente m. (on, over su)
    5) (storage, area) aer. bagagliaio m.; mar. stiva f.
    6) (in wrestling) presa f.
    7) (of spray, gel) fissaggio m.
    8) tel.

    to put a project on holdrimandare o sospendere momentaneamente un progetto

    II 1. [həʊld]
    verbo transitivo (pass., p.pass. held)
    1) (clasp) tenere

    to hold sth. in one's hand — tenere [qcs.] in mano [brush, pencil]; (enclosed) stringere [qcs.] in mano [ coin]

    to hold sb. by — tenere qcn. per [sleeve, leg]

    to hold sb. (in one's arms) — tenere qcn. tra le braccia

    to hold sth. in place o position — tenere qcs. a posto

    3) (arrange) organizzare [competition, election]; tenere [ conversation]; celebrare [ church service]; condurre [ enquiry]; fare [ interview]

    to be heldavere luogo o tenersi

    4) (have capacity for) [ theatre] avere una capacità di, (potere) contenere [ 350 people]
    5) (contain) [drawer, box] contenere [ objects]
    6) (support) reggere [ load]
    7) (restrain) tenere [ dog]

    there'll be no holding himfig. non lo tiene nessuno

    8) (keep against will) trattenere [ person]

    to hold sb. hostage — tenere qcn. in ostaggio

    9) (possess) possedere, avere [shares, power]; detenere [record, sporting title]; occupare [job, position]; avere, essere in possesso di [licence, degree]; avere [ title]; [ computer] conservare [ information]; avere [ mortgage]
    10) (keep back) tenere [place, ticket]; fare aspettare [train, flight]; tenere, non inviare [ letter]; tenere in sospeso [ order]

    hold it!colloq. un momento! aspetta un attimo!

    11) (believe) avere [opinion, belief]

    to hold sb., sth. to be — ritenere che qcn., qcs. sia

    to hold that — [ person] pensare che; [ law] dire che

    to hold sb. liable o responsible — ritenere qcn. responsabile

    12) (defend successfully) tenere [territory, city]; conservare, mantenere [ title]; mantenere [seat, lead]

    to hold one's own — tenere duro, non demordere

    13) (captivate) tenere desta l'attenzione di [ audience]; attirare [ attention]
    14) tel.

    to hold the lineattendere o restare in linea

    15) mus. tenere [ note]
    16) aut.
    2.
    verbo intransitivo (pass., p.pass. held)
    1) (remain intact) [rope, glue] tenere; fig. (anche hold good) [ theory] reggere
    2) (continue) [ weather] tenere, mantenersi; [ luck] durare
    3) tel. attendere (in linea)
    3.
    verbo riflessivo (pass., p.pass. held)

    English-Italian dictionary > hold

  • 13 renforcer

    renforcer [ʀɑ̃fɔʀse]
    ➭ TABLE 3
    1. transitive verb
       a. [+ mur, équipe] to reinforce ; [+ régime, position, monnaie, amitié] to strengthen ; [+ paix, pouvoir] to consolidate
       b. [+ argument, crainte, soupçon] to reinforce
       c. [+ pression, effort, surveillance, contrôle] to intensify
    2. reflexive verb
    se renforcer [craintes, amitié] to strengthen ; [pression] to intensify
    * * *
    ʀɑ̃fɔʀse
    1.
    1) ( rendre plus solide) to reinforce [construction, vêtement]; to strengthen [muscles, tissus]
    2) ( accroître le nombre de) to strengthen [équipe, effectifs]
    3) ( intensifier) to strengthen, to reinforce [pouvoir, sanctions]; to reinforce [contrôle, déséquilibre]; to step up [surveillance]

    2.
    se renforcer verbe pronominal [pouvoir] to increase; [contrôle] to become tighter; [équipe, effectifs] to grow; [pays, secteur] to grow stronger
    * * *
    ʀɑ̃fɔʀse vt
    1) (= consolider) to reinforce
    2) (= conforter)
    * * *
    renforcer verb table: placer
    A vtr
    1 ( rendre plus solide) to reinforce [construction, vêtement]; to strengthen [muscles, tissus]; renforcer un vêtement aux coudes/genoux to reinforce the elbows/knees of a garment;
    2 ( accroître le nombre de) to strengthen [équipe, effectifs, troupe]; nos équipes techniques sont renforcées par des ingénieurs our technical crews are backed up by engineers;
    3 ( intensifier) to strengthen, reinforce [pouvoir, loi, sanctions, amitié, défense]; to reinforce [contrôle, dépendance, image, doute, déséquilibre]; to step up [surveillance];
    4 ( donner plus de pouvoir à) to strengthen [groupe, ville, monnaie]; ce qui s'est passé me renforce dans mes positions/certitudes what has happened strengthens my position/convictions.
    B se renforcer vpr [pouvoir] to increase; [contrôle] to become tighter; [équipe, effectifs, groupe] to grow; [amitié, haine] to grow stronger; [pays, influence, secteur] to grow stronger; la tendance à la baisse s'est renforcée en 1993 the downward trend increased in 1993; notre groupe industriel continue de se renforcer our industrial group continues to grow stronger.
    [rɑ̃fɔrse] verbe transitif
    2. [grossir - effectif, service d'ordre] to reinforce, to strengthen
    3. [affermir - conviction] to reinforce, to strengthen, to intensify
    4. [mettre en relief] to set off (separable), to enhance
    ————————
    se renforcer verbe pronominal intransitif
    notre équipe se renforce maintenant de plusieurs jeunes ingénieurs our team has now been strengthened by the arrival of several young engineers

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > renforcer

  • 14 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 15 état

    état [eta]
    1. masculine noun
       a. [de personne] state
    en état d'ivresse or d'ébriété under the influence of alcohol
    il ne faut pas te mettre des états pareils ! you mustn't get yourself into such a state
       b. [d'objet, article d'occasion] condition
    en bon/mauvais état in good/bad condition
    remettre en état [+ voiture] to repair ; [+ maison] to renovate
       c. [de chose abstraite, substance] state
    état liquide/solide liquid/solid state
       d. ( = nation) État state
       e. ( = registre, comptes) statement ; ( = inventaire) inventory
       f. (locutions) faire état de [+ ses services] to instance ; [+ craintes, intentions] to state ; [+ conversation, rumeur] to report
    états d'âme ( = scrupules) scruples ; ( = hésitation) doubts
    * * *
    eta
    nom masculin
    1) ( nation) state, State
    2) ( gouvernement) state, government
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    eta nm
    POLITIQUE state
    * * *
    A nm
    1 ( condition physique) condition; l'état du malade s'améliore the patient's condition is improving; être dans un état stationnaire to be in a stable condition; en bon état général in good overall condition; être en état de faire qch to be in a fit state to do sth; ne pas être en état de faire, être hors d'état de faire to be in no condition ou in no fit state to do; mettre qn hors d'état de faire qch to render sb incapable of doing sth; mettre qn hors d'état de nuire ( légalement) to put sb out of harm's way; ( physiquement) to incapacitate sb; leur état de santé est excellent their (state of) health is excellent; être dans un triste état/en piteux état to be in a sorry/pitiful state; tu es dans un bel état! iron you're in a fine state!;
    2 ( condition psychique) state; être dans un état d'inquiétude terrible to be in a terrible state of anxiety; être dans un état d'énervement extrême to be in a state of extreme irritation; elle n'est pas en état de le revoir she's in no state to see him again; je suis hors d'état de réfléchir I'm incapable of thinking, I'm in no state to think; être dans un drôle d'état to be in a hell of a state; ne pas être dans son état normal not to be oneself; ne te mets pas dans des états pareils! don't get into such a state!, don't get so worked up!; être dans un état second to be in a trance;
    3 (de voiture, livre, tapis) condition; l'état de conservation d'un livre the condition of a book; l'état des routes ( conditions climatiques) road conditions; ( qualité) the state of the roads; en bon/mauvais état [maison, cœur, foie] in good/poor condition; avoir les dents en mauvais état to have bad teeth; l'état de délabrement d'une maison the dilapidated state of a house; l'état de conservation d'une momie égyptienne the state of preservation of an Egyptian mummy; vérifier l'état de qch to check sth; mettre/maintenir qch en état to put/keep sth in working order; hors d'état de marche [voiture] off the road, not running; [appareil] out of order; remettre qch en état to mend ou repair sth; remettre une maison en état to do up a house; la remise en état d'un réseau routier/de voiture the repair of a road network/car; vous devez rendre la maison en l'état lors de votre départ you must leave the house as you found it; les choses sont restées en l'état depuis leur départ nothing has been changed since they left; j'ai laissé les choses en l'état I left everything as it was; à l'état brut [huile, pétrole] in its raw state; [action, idée] in its initial stages; un temple à l'état de ruines a temple in a state of ruin; voiture/bicyclette/ordinateur à l'état neuf car/bicycle/computer as good as new; beauté à l'état pur unadulterated beauty; une voiture en état de rouler a roadworthy car; un bateau en état de naviguer a seaworthy ship;
    4 (d'affaires, économie, de finances, pays) state; l'état de l'environnement/d'une entreprise the state of the environment/a company; le pays est dans un état critique the country is in a critical state; cet état de choses ne peut plus durer this state of affairs can't go on; dans l'état actuel des choses in the present state of affairs; dans l'état actuel de la recherche médicale in the present state of medical research; l'état de tension entre le gouvernement et l'opposition the state of tension in relations between the government and the opposition; ce n'est encore qu'à l'état de projet it's still only at the planning stage;
    5 Sci ( de corps) state; les états de la matière the states of matter; l'état solide/liquide/gazeux the solid/liquid/gaseous state; un corps à l'état liquide/de vapeur a body in the liquid/vapourGB state; à l'état naissant [gaz] nascent; à l'état pur [élément, héroïne] in its pure state;
    6 ( situation sociale) state; ( métier) trade; être boulanger de son état to be a baker by trade; ruiné, il se rappelle son ancien état now that he is bankrupt, he remembers how things used to be; choisir l'état ecclésiastique to choose holy orders; être satisfait/mécontent de son état to be satisfied/unhappy with one's lot;
    7 Sociol l'état civilisé the civilized state; naissance d'un nouvel état social birth of a new social order; des tribus qui vivent encore à l'état sauvage tribes still living in a primitive state;
    8 Compta statement; état de frais statement of expenses; état des comptes financial statements; état financier financial statement; état des ventes d'un magasin a shop's GB ou store's US sales statement;
    9 Jur ( statut) status; état d'épouse/d'enfant légitime/de parent status of a spouse/legitimate child/parent;
    10 Hist ( catégorie sociale) estate; la notion de classe a remplacé celle d'état the concept of class replaced that of estate.
    B faire état de loc verbale
    1 ( arguer) to cite [document, texte, théorie, loi]; faire état du témoignage/de l'opinion de qn pour étayer une thèse to cite sb's testimony/opinion in support of a thesis;
    2 ( mentionner) to mention [conversation, entretien, découverte]; ne faites pas état de cette conversation don't mention this conversation; la presse a fait état de leur conversation the press reported their conversation;
    3 ( exposer) to state [préférences, privilèges, bénéfices]; to air [soupçon, idée];
    4 ( se prévaloir de) to make a point of mentioning [succès, courage]; j'ai fait état de mes diplômes pour obtenir le travail I made a point of mentioning my diplomas to get the job; ils ont fait état des services qu'ils nous ont rendus they made a point of mentioning the things they had done for us in the past.
    état d'alerte Mil state of alert; en état d'alerte on the alert; état d'âme ( scrupule) qualm; ( sentiment) feeling; ne pas avoir d'états d'âme to have no qualms; état de choc Méd, Psych state of shock; en état de choc in a state of shock; état de choses state of affairs; état civil Admin registry office GB; ( de personne) civil status; état de conscience Psych state of consciousness; état de crise Pol, Sociol state of crisis; état d'esprit state ou frame of mind; état de fait fact; les états généraux Hist the Estates General; état de grâce Relig state of grace; en état de grâce lit in a state of grace; fig inspired; état de guerre state of war; état des lieux Jur inventory and statement of state of repair; fig appraisal; faire l'état des lieux to draw up an inventory and statement of state of repair; état de nature Sociol the state of nature; à l'état de nature in the state of nature; état de rêve dream state; état de santé state of health; état de siège state of siege; états de service service record; état d'urgence state of emergency; état de veille waking state; ⇒ tiers.
    être/se mettre dans tous ses états to be in/to get into a state; il se met dans tous ses états pour un rien he gets all worked up ou he gets into a state over nothing; être réduit à l'état de loque/d'esclave to be reduced to a wreck/treated as a slave.
    [eta] nom masculin
    A.[MANIÈRE D'ÊTRE PHYSIQUE]
    1. [d'une personne - condition physique] state, condition ; [ - apparence] state
    a. [drogué] to be high
    b. [en transe] to be in a trance
    en état de: être en état d'ivresse ou d'ébriété to be under the influence (of alcohol), to be inebriated
    être hors d'état de, ne pas être en état de to be in no condition to ou totally unfit to
    a. [préventivement] to make somebody harmless
    b. [après coup] to neutralize somebody
    état de santé (state of) health, condition
    2. [d'un appartement, d'une route, d'une machine, d'un colis] condition, state
    être en bon/mauvais état
    a. [meuble, route, véhicule] to be in good/poor condition
    b. [bâtiment] to be in a good/bad state of repair
    c. [colis, marchandises] to be undamaged/damaged
    vendu à l'état neuf [dans petites annonces] as new
    réduit à l'état de cendres/poussière reduced to ashes/a powder
    a. [appartement] to renovate, to refurbish
    b. [véhicule] to repair
    c. [pièce de moteur] to recondition
    3. [situation particulière - d'un développement, d'une technique] state
    dans l'état actuel des choses as things stand at the moment, in the present state of affairs
    (en) état d'alerte/d'urgence (in a) state of alarm/emergency
    4. CHIMIE & PHYSIQUE
    état gazeux/liquide/solide gaseous/liquid/solid state
    à l'état brut [pétrole] crude, unrefined, raw
    à l'état pur [gemme, métal] pure
    B.[MANIÈRE D'ÊTRE MORALE, PSYCHOLOGIQUE] state
    a. [à une personne inquiète, déprimée] don't worry!
    b. [à une personne énervée] don't get so worked up!
    état d'esprit state ou frame of mind
    se mettre dans tous ses états [en colère] to go off the deep end, to go spare
    C.[CONDITION SOCIALE]
    1. [profession] trade, profession
    [statut social] social position, standing, station
    les États généraux the States ou Estates General
    D.[DOCUMENT COMPTABLE OU LÉGAL]
    1. [compte rendu] account, statement
    [inventaire] inventory
    l'état des dépenses/des recettes statement of expenses/takings
    état appréciatif evaluation, estimation
    b. [professionnellement] professional record
    dresser ou faire un état des lieux
    a. [sondage, témoignages, thèse] to put forward (separable)
    b. [document] to refer to
    c. [fait] to mention
    d. [soucis] to mention
    état d'âme nom masculin
    ————————
    état de grâce nom masculin
    A consultative assembly of representatives from the three estates of the Ancien Régime: clergy, nobility and the Third Estate, or commoners. It met for the last time in May 1789 in the Jeu de Paume in Versailles, where the Third Estate vowed not to disperse until they had established a constitution.

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > état

  • 16 pris

    pris, prise1 [pʀi, pʀiz]
       a. [place] taken
    ça me fera 250 €, c'est toujours ça de pris (inf) I'll get 250 euros, that's better than nothing
       b. [personne] busy
    désolé, je suis pris sorry, I'm busy
       c. [nez] blocked ; [gorge] hoarse
       d. [crème, mayonnaise] set
       e. ( = envahi par) pris de remords overcome with remorse
    * * *

    1.
    prise pʀi, pʀiz participe passé prendre

    2.
    1) ( occupé) busy

    je suis pris — ( pour l'instant) I'm busy; ( pour la période qui vient) I've got something on

    2) ( gelé) frozen
    3) ( encombré) [nez] stuffed up; [bronches] congested
    4) ( affecté)

    être pris de nauséesto feel sick GB ou nauseous US

    * * *
    pʀi, pʀiz pris, -e
    1. pp
    See:
    2. adj
    1) (place) taken
    2)
    3) (mains) full
    4) (personne) busy

    Je serai très pris la semaine prochaine. — I'll be very busy next week.

    5) (= saisi)
    * * *
    A ppprendre.
    B pp adj
    1 ( occupé) busy; nous sommes très pris cette semaine we're very busy this week; si vous n'êtes pas pris if you're not doing anything; je suis pris ( pour l'instant) I'm busy; ( pour la période qui vient) I've got something on; ma journée est prise I'm busy all day; j'ai les mains prises I've got my hands full; les places sont toutes prises all the seats are taken;
    2 ( vendu) sold; tout a été pris en une heure everything was sold in one hour; toutes les places sont prises it's sold out;
    3 ( gelé) frozen; les eaux du lac sont prises the lake is frozen;
    4 ( encombré) [nez] stuffed up; [bronches] congested; j'ai la gorge prise I'm hoarse;
    5 ( affecté) pris de overcome with [inquiétude, remords, envie]; pris de panique panic-stricken; être pris de fièvre to have a temperature; être pris de regrets/terreur/désespoir to be full of ou overcome with regret/terror/despair; être pris de nausées to feel sick GB ou nauseous US; pris de boisson under the influence.
    C prise nf
    1 Mil ( capture) capture; ( assaut) storming; la prise de Monastir the capture of Monastir; la prise de la Bastille the storming of the Bastille;
    2 Jeux ( aux échecs) être en prise [pièce] to be threatened;
    3 Chasse, Pêche (au filet, piège) catching ¢; prise d'une panthère au filet catching a panther in a net; une belle prise ( pêche sportive) a fine catch; ( pêche commerciale) a fine haul;
    4 Sport (au judo, catch) hold; se dégager d'une prise to break a hold;
    5 ( point permettant de saisir) hold; avoir du mal à trouver une prise to have trouble finding a hold; n'offrir aucune prise lit ( pour la main) to have no handholds; ( pour le pied) to have no footholds; fig [personne] to be impossible to pin down; avoir prise sur qn to have a hold over sb; avoir prise sur qch to have leverage on sth; donner or laisser prise à [personne] to lay oneself open to; être en prise Aut [moteur, conducteur] to be in gear; être en prise (directe) avec qch [personne] to be in (close) touch with sth; être en prise avec l'actualité [journal] to have its finger on the pulse of events;
    6 ( absorption) la prise d'alcool est déconseillée pendant le traitement do not take alcohol during the course of treatment; à ingérer en trois prises quotidiennes to be taken three times daily;
    7 ( solidification) setting ¢;
    8 Électrotech ( femelle) socket GB, outlet US; ( mâle) plug; prise à deux fiches two-pin plug; prise multiple ( domino) (multiplug) adaptor; ( sur une rallonge) trailing socket; prise triple ( domino) three-way adaptor; ( sur une rallonge) three-way trailing socket;
    9 Électron ( femelle) jack; ( mâle) plug.
    prise d'air gén air inlet; Aviat air intake; prise d'antenne Radio, TV ( femelle) aerial socket; ( mâle) aerial plug; prise d'armes Mil military parade; prise d'assaut Mil storming ¢; prise de bec row, argument; prise en charge Prot Soc granting¢ of benefits; Transp ( dans un taxi) minimum fare; prise en compte consideration (de of); prise de conscience realization; prise de contact initial contact; prise de contrôle Fin takeover; prise de corps Jur arrest; prise de courant Électrotech ( femelle) socket GB, outlet US; prise de décision decision-making ¢; prise d'eau Constr water supply point; prise de guerre Mil spoils (pl) of war; prise de fonctions (de président, dirigeant) inauguration; ( d'employé) first day at work; prise d'otages Mil hostage-taking ¢; prise de participation Fin acquisition of a stake (dans in); prise de pouvoir Pol takeover; prise de position Pol stand; prise de sang Méd blood test; faire une prise de sang à qn to take a blood sample from sb; prise de son Cin, Radio, TV sound recording ¢; prise de terre Électrotech earth GB, ground US; prise de vue Cin, Vidéo shooting ¢; Phot shot.
    être aux prises avec des difficultés to be grappling with difficulties; être aux prises avec ses concurrents to be doing battle with one's competitors.
    ( féminin prise) [pri, iz] participe passé
    link=prendre prendre
    ————————
    ( féminin prise) [pri, iz] adjectif
    1. [occupé - personne] busy
    aide-moi, tu vois bien que j'ai les mains prises help me, can't you see my hands are full?
    2. MÉDECINE [gorge] sore
    [nez] blocked
    3. [envahi]
    pris de: pris de pitié/peur stricken by pity/fear
    ————————
    prise nom féminin
    1. [point de saisie] grip, hold
    b. [idée, réalisation] to be open to attack
    lâcher prise (sens propre & figuré) to let go
    2. [absorption - d'un médicament] taking
    3. [dose - de tabac] pinch ; [ - de cocaïne] snort (très familier)
    4. [capture - de contrebande, de drogue] seizure, catch
    prise (de courant) ou électrique
    a. [mâle] plug
    b. [femelle] socket
    a. [ouverture] air inlet
    b. [introduction d'air] ventilation
    7. [durcissement - du ciment, de la colle] setting ; [ - d'un fromage] hardening
    8. [dans des expressions]
    a. [action] taking the habit
    b. [cérémonie] profession
    prise de position opinion, stand
    a. [d'un héritage] acquisition
    b. [d'un territoire] taking possession
    b. [illégale] seizure of power
    aux prises avec locution prépositionnelle
    fighting ou battling against, grappling with
    ————————
    en prise locution adverbiale
    ————————
    en prise locution adjectivale
    prise de bec nom féminin
    prise de sang nom féminin
    prise de son nom féminin
    la prise de son est de Raoul Fleck sound (engineer), Raoul Fleck
    prise de vues nom féminin
    CINÉMA & TÉLÉVISION [technique] shooting
    prise de vues: Marie Vilmet camera: Marie Vilmet
    prise en charge nom féminin
    2. [par un taxi] minimum (pick-up) charge

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > pris

  • 17 strength

    noun
    1) Stärke, die; (power) Kraft, die; (of argument) [Überzeugungs]kraft, die; (of poison, medicine) Wirksamkeit, die; (of legal evidence) [Beweis]kraft, die; (resistance of material, building, etc.) Stabilität, die

    not know one's own strengthnicht wissen, wie stark man ist

    give somebody strength — jemanden stärken; jemandem Kraft geben

    on the strength of something/that — aufgrund einer Sache (Gen.) /dessen

    2) (proportion present) Stärke, die; (full complement)

    be below strength/up to strength — weniger als/etwa die volle Stärke haben

    in [full] strength — in voller Stärke

    * * *
    see academic.ru/71361/strong">strong
    * * *
    [streŋ(k)θ]
    n
    1. no pl (muscle power) Kraft f, Stärke f
    you don't know your own \strength! du weißt nicht, wie stark du bist!
    his \strength failed him in the final straight auf der Zielgeraden verließen ihn seine Kräfte
    save your \strength! schone deine Kräfte!
    brute \strength schiere Muskelkraft
    physical \strength körperliche Kraft, Muskelkraft f
    2. no pl (health and vitality) Robustheit f, Lebenskraft f
    to be back to full \strength wieder ganz zu Kräften gekommen sein
    to gain \strength wieder zu Kräften [o auf die Beine] kommen
    to get one's \strength back [wieder] genesen
    when he's got his \strength back we'll have a holiday in America sobald er wieder ganz der Alte ist, machen wir Urlaub in Amerika
    to lose \strength geschwächt werden
    3. no pl (effectiveness, influence) Wirkungsgrad m, Stärke f
    to summarize the \strength of a proposal die Vorteile eines Vorschlags auflisten
    military \strength militärische Stärke
    to gather \strength an Stabilität gewinnen
    to go from \strength to \strength sich akk immer stärker [o kräftiger] entwickeln
    from \strength aus einer starken Position heraus
    4. no pl (mental firmness) Stärke f
    she has recently found \strength in religion sie hat neuerdings in der Religion eine Stütze gefunden
    to show great \strength of character große Charakterstärke zeigen [o beweisen]
    \strength of will [or mind] Willensstärke f
    to draw \strength from sth aus etw dat Kraft ziehen [o geh schöpfen]
    to draw on one's inner \strength seine ganze Kraft zusammennehmen
    5. (number of members) [Mitglieder]zahl f; (number of people) [Personen]zahl f; MIL [Personal]stärke f
    we're below \strength for today's match wir treten beim heutigen Spiel nicht in voller Mannschaftsstärke an
    at full \strength mit voller Kraft; MIL in voller Stärke
    to turn out in \strength in Massen [o in Scharen] [o massenweise] anrücken
    6. (potency) of tea Stärke f; of alcoholic drink also Alkoholgehalt m; of a drug Konzentration f; of medicine Wirksamkeit f
    7. (attribute) of a person Stärke f
    one's \strengths and weaknesses jds Stärken und Schwächen
    8. (withstand force) Widerstandskraft f, Belastbarkeit f
    9. (intensity) Intensität f; of a colour Leuchtkraft f; of a feeling Intensität f, Stärke f; of belief Stärke f, Tiefe f
    10. (cogency)
    \strength of an argument Überzeugungskraft f eines Arguments
    \strength of a case Durchsetzbarkeit f eines Anliegens
    the \strength of our case will be the fact that our client has a perfect alibi unser Verfahren ist aussichtsreich, weil unser Klient ein perfektes Alibi hat
    11. ECON
    \strength of a currency/an economy Stärke f einer Währung/einer Volkswirtschaft
    \strength of prices Preisstabilität f
    12.
    give me \strength! BRIT (annoyance) jetzt mach aber mal 'nen Punkt! fam; (exasperation) das halte ich nicht aus! fam
    give me \strength! look who's here! ist denn das die Möglichkeit! sieh doch mal, wer da ist! fam
    on the \strength of sth aufgrund einer S. gen
    I got into Oxford on the \strength of my excellent exam results ich wurde wegen meiner ausgezeichneten Prüfungsergebnisse in Oxford aufgenommen
    to be a tower [or pillar] of \strength wie ein Fels in der Brandung stehen
    * * *
    [streŋɵ]
    n
    1) (lit, fig) Stärke f; (of person, feelings) Kraft f; (of table, bolt, nail, wall) Stabilität f; (of material, character) Stärke f, Festigkeit f; (of conviction, shoes) Festigkeit f; (of views) Überzeugtheit f; (of imagination) Lebhaftigkeit f; (of reason, argument, evidence) Überzeugungskraft f; (of plea, protest) Eindringlichkeit f; (of letter) geharnischte or starke Ausdrucksweise; (of measure) Drastik f

    strength of character/will or mind — Charakter-/Willensstärke f

    he decided to be a writer on the strength of selling one short story — er beschloss, Schriftsteller zu werden, nachdem er eine einzige Kurzgeschichte verkauft hatte

    his strength failed him — seine Kräfte versagten, ihn verließen die Kräfte

    you don't know your own strength!du weißt gar nicht, wie stark du bist!

    2) (= health of constitution) Robustheit f, Kräftigkeit f; (of eyes, heart) Stärke f
    3) (of colour) Kräftigkeit f, Intensität f; (of acid, bleach) Stärke f; (of diluted solution) Konzentration f
    4) (= numbers) (An)zahl f; (MIL) Stärke f

    to be at full strength —

    to be up to/below or under strength — (die) volle Stärke/nicht die volle Stärke haben

    to turn out in strength — in großer Zahl kommen, zahlreich erscheinen

    5) (of currency) Stärke f; (of market prices) Stabilität f; (of economy) Gesundheit f
    * * *
    strength [streŋθ; -ŋkθ] s
    1. Kraft f, Stärke f, Kräfte pl:
    strength of body Körperkraft, -kräfte;
    strength of character Charakterstärke, -festigkeit f;
    strength of mind Seelenstärke;
    strength of purpose Entschlusskraft, Zielstrebigkeit f;
    strength of will Willenskraft, -stärke;
    a) immer stärker oder besser werden,
    b) von Erfolg zu Erfolg eilen;
    he hasn’t got enough strength er ist nicht kräftig genug;
    strength training Krafttraining n
    2. fig Stärke f:
    his strength is ( oder lies) in endurance seine Stärke ist die Ausdauer
    3. Macht f, Gewalt f:
    4. (Beweis-, Überzeugungs)Kraft f:
    on the strength of aufgrund (gen), kraft (gen), auf … (akk) hin
    5. besonders MIL (Kopf-, Truppen)Stärke f:
    actual strength Ist-Stärke;
    required strength Soll-Stärke;
    a) in voller Stärke, vollzählig, (Eishockey) komplett,
    b) SPORT in stärkster Besetzung;
    they are back to full strength (Eishockey) sie sind wieder komplett;
    below strength SPORT nicht in stärkster Besetzung, ersatzgeschwächt;
    they are 200 men below strength ihnen fehlen 200 Mann;
    in (great) strength in großer Zahl, zahlreich;
    a) HIST Br auf der Stammrolle stehen,
    b) allg zur Belegschaft gehören
    6. MIL Stärke f, (Heeres)Macht f, Schlagkraft f
    7. besonders PHYS, TECH Stärke f, (Bruch-, Zerreiß- etc) Festigkeit f
    8. CHEM, ELEK, PHYS (Strom-, Feld- etc) Stärke f, Wirkungsgrad m:
    9. Stärke f, Gehalt m (eines Getränks)
    10. Stärke f, Intensität f (von Farben, Sinneseindrücken etc)
    11. fig Stärke f, Kraft(quelle) f:
    * * *
    noun
    1) Stärke, die; (power) Kraft, die; (of argument) [Überzeugungs]kraft, die; (of poison, medicine) Wirksamkeit, die; (of legal evidence) [Beweis]kraft, die; (resistance of material, building, etc.) Stabilität, die

    not know one's own strength — nicht wissen, wie stark man ist

    give somebody strength — jemanden stärken; jemandem Kraft geben

    on the strength of something/that — aufgrund einer Sache (Gen.) /dessen

    2) (proportion present) Stärke, die; (full complement)

    be below strength/up to strength — weniger als/etwa die volle Stärke haben

    in [full] strength — in voller Stärke

    * * *
    n.
    Festigkeit f.
    Kraft ¨-e f.
    Stärke -n f.

    English-german dictionary > strength

  • 18 public

    1) громадськість; населення, народ; суспільство; публіка; дотримання громадського порядку
    2) громадський; державний, національний, казенний; муніципальний; відкритий; публічний, публічно-правовий; суспільний
    - public accord
    - public accounting
    - public act
    - public administration
    - public administrator
    - public affront
    - public agency
    - public agent
    - public alcoholic
    - public appeal
    - public appointment
    - public archives
    - public assembly
    - public assassination
    - public assistance
    - public at large
    - public attorney
    - public auction
    - public authorities
    - public authority
    - public benefit
    - public benefits
    - public bill
    - public blockade
    - public body
    - public bond
    - public boundary
    - public call
    - public capacity
    - public censure
    - public charge
    - public code
    - public company
    - public comptroller
    - public condemnation
    - public conduct
    - public consumption fund
    - public contract
    - public contract law
    - public control
    - public convenience
    - public corporation
    - public correctional facility
    - public counsel for the defence
    - public counsel for the defense
    - public credit
    - public customs warehouse
    - public danger
    - public debt
    - public defender
    - public defence
    - public defense
    - public defensor
    - public defensor system
    - public demand
    - public depositary
    - public detection agency
    - public detective
    - public detective agency
    - public disgrace
    - public disturbance
    - public disturber
    - public document
    - public domain
    - public drunk
    - public drunkenness
    - public duties
    - public duty
    - public easement
    - public emergency
    - public employee
    - public employment
    - public enemy
    - public enterprise
    - public examination
    - public execution
    - public exposure of the person
    - public flogging
    - public foundation
    - public functionary
    - public funds
    - public gathering
    - public good
    - public grievance
    - public health
    - public health system
    - public hearing
    - public hearing of cases
    - public hearings
    - public housing
    - public indecencies
    - public indecency
    - public individual
    - public industry
    - public inebriate
    - public influence
    - public injunctive relief
    - public inquiry
    - public inspection
    - public institution
    - public insult
    - public interest
    - public interests
    - public international law
    - public intoxication
    - public joint-stock company
    - public justice
    - public landowner
    - public lands
    - public lands administration
    - public law enforcement
    - public law
    - public lawyer
    - public liability
    - public liberties
    - public life
    - public litigant
    - public market
    - public matter
    - public meeting
    - public member
    - public mind
    - public minister
    - public mischief
    - public misrepresentation
    - public morality
    - public notary
    - public notice
    - public nuisance
    - public offence
    - public offense
    - public office
    - public officer
    - public official
    - public opinion
    - public opinion poll
    - public order
    - public order act
    - Public Order Detachment
    - public order law
    - public order offence
    - public order offense
    - public organ
    - public ownership
    - public peace
    - public person
    - public place
    - public police
    - public policy
    - public policy issue
    - public politician
    - public position
    - public practice
    - public prior use
    - public proceeding
    - public proceedings
    - public property
    - public property domain
    - public prosecution
    - public prosecution case
    - public prosecution department
    - public prosecutor
    - public prosecutor's office
    - public protest
    - public punishment
    - public purse
    - public record
    - public record office
    - public records
    - public register
    - public reimbursement
    - public relations center
    - public relations centre
    - public relations office
    - public relations
    - public relief
    - public representation
    - public representative body
    - public representative organ
    - public reprobation
    - public resolution
    - public response
    - public revelation
    - public rights
    - public safety
    - public seal
    - public sector
    - public self-defence
    - public self-defense
    - public self-government body
    - public servant
    - public service careerist
    - public service
    - public session
    - public shelter
    - public sitting
    - public speaking
    - public spirit
    - public-spirited
    - public stoning of a person
    - public tax
    - public tranquillity
    - public trial
    - public trustee
    - public unrest
    - public use
    - public utterance
    - public vengeance
    - public verdict
    - public victim
    - public war
    - public works
    - public wrong

    English-Ukrainian law dictionary > public

  • 19 strong

    stroŋ
    1) (firm, sound, or powerful, and therefore not easily broken, destroyed, attacked, defeated, resisted, or affected by weariness, illness etc: strong furniture; a strong castle; a strong wind; She's a strong swimmer; He has a very strong will/personality; He has never been very strong (= healthy); He is not strong enough to lift that heavy table.) fuerte
    2) (very noticeable; very intense: a strong colour; a strong smell.) fuerte
    3) (containing a large amount of the flavouring ingredient: strong tea.) fuerte
    4) ((of a group, force etc) numbering a particular amount: An army 20,000 strong was advancing towards the town.) que cuenta con
    - strength
    - strengthen
    - strongbox
    - strong drink
    - stronghold
    - strong language
    - strong-minded
    - strong point
    - strongroom
    - on the strength of

    strong adj
    1. fuerte
    2. fuerte / resistente
    3. firme
    tr[strɒŋ]
    2 (material, furniture, shoes, etc) fuerte, resistente
    3 (country, army) poderoso,-a, fuerte
    4 (beliefs, views, principles) firme; (faith) firme, sólido,-a; (support) mucho, firme
    5 (argument, evidence) contundente, convincente; (influence) grande; (protest) enérgico,-a
    6 (colour) fuerte, intenso,-a, vivo,-a; (smell, food, drink) fuerte; (tea, coffee) fuerte, cargado,-a; (light) brillante
    7 (resemblance, accent) fuerte, marcado,-a
    8 (chance, likelihood, probability) bueno,-a
    9 (wind, current) fuerte
    10 (good - team) fuerte; (- cast) sólido,-a
    11 (currency etc) fuerte
    1 fuerte
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to be as strong as a horse/an ox ser fuerte como un toro/un roble
    to be going strong (business) ir fuerte 2 (machine etc) marchar bien 3 (elderly person) estar en plena forma
    to be strong on something ser bueno,-a en algo
    to be 20 «(etc)» strong (of team etc) contar con 20 (etc) miembros
    to have a strong stomach tener buen estómago
    strong point fuerte nombre masculino, punto fuerte
    strong room cámara acorazada
    strong ['strɔŋ] adj
    1) : fuerte
    2) healthy: sano
    3) zealous: ferviente
    adj.
    forcejudo, -a adj.
    forzoso, -a adj.
    forzudo, -a adj.
    fuerte adj.
    macanudo, -a adj.
    macho, -a adj.
    marcado, -a adj.
    morrocotudo, -a adj.
    picante adj.
    rancio, -a adj.
    recio, -a adj.
    redoblado, -a adj.
    robusto, -a adj.
    subido, -a adj.
    terne adj.
    tieso, -a adj.
    valiente adj.
    vigoroso, -a adj.
    válido, -a adj.
    n.
    toro s.m.
    valiente s.m.

    I strɔːŋ, strɒŋ
    adjective stronger 'strɔːŋgər, 'strɒŋgə(r), strongest 'strɔːŋgəst, 'strɒŋgɪst
    1)
    a) ( physically powerful) <person/arm> fuerte

    to have strong nerves — tener* (los) nervios de acero

    to be strong\<\<person\>\> ser* fuerte or fornido; ( for lifting things etc) tener* fuerza

    to have a strong stomachtener* mucho estómago; ( lit) poder* comer de todo

    b) (healthy, sound) <heart/lungs> fuerte, sano; < constitution> robusto
    c) ( firm) <character/leader> fuerte; < leadership> firme
    2)
    a) ( solid) <material/construction> fuerte, resistente
    b) ( powerful) <country/army> fuerte, poderoso; <currency/economy> fuerte
    c) <current/wind> fuerte
    3)
    a) ( deeply held) <views/beliefs> firme; < faith> firme, sólido; < support> firme
    b) ( forceful) < protest> enérgico; <argument/evidence> de peso, contundente, convincente
    4) ( definite)
    a) <tendency/resemblance> marcado; < candidate> con muchas or buenas posibilidades

    she has a strong foreign accenttiene un fuerte or marcado acento extranjero

    b) < features> marcado, pronunciado; < chin> pronunciado
    5) ( good) < team> fuerte; < cast> sólido

    to be strong on something: she's strong on French history — su fuerte es la historia francesa

    6)
    a) ( concentrated) <color/light> fuerte, intenso; <tea/coffee> cargado; <beer/painkiller> fuerte; < solution> concentrado
    b) ( pungent) <smell/flavor> fuerte
    c) ( unacceptable) < language> fuerte, subido de tono
    7) ( in number) (no comp)

    II

    to be going strong\<\<car/machine\>\> marchar bien; \<\<organization\>\> ir* or marchar viento en popa

    [strɒŋ]
    1. ADJ
    (compar stronger) (superl strongest)
    1) (=physically tough) fuerte

    to have strong nervestener nervios de acero

    to have a strong stomach — (lit, fig) tener un buen estómago

    - be as strong as an ox
    arm I
    2) (=healthy) [teeth, bones] sano; [heart] fuerte, sano

    he's getting stronger every day (after operation) se va reponiendo poco a poco

    3) (=sturdy) [material, structure, frame] fuerte
    4) (=powerful) [drug, wine, cheese, wind, voice] fuerte; [coffee] fuerte, cargado; [argument, evidence] sólido, de peso; [currency] fuerte; [magnet, lens] potente; [impression, influence] grande

    music with a strong beatmúsica f con mucho ritmo

    we have a strong case (against them) — las razones que nosotros exponemos son muy sólidas (en contraposición a las de ellos)

    5) (=firm) [opinion, belief, supporter] firme

    I am a strong believer in tolerancecreo firmemente en or soy gran partidario de la tolerancia

    6) (=mentally) fuerte

    he has a strong personalitytiene un carácter or una personalidad fuerte

    7) (=intense) [emotion, colour, smell] fuerte, intenso; [light] potente, intenso
    8) (=good) [team] fuerte; [candidate] bueno, firme; [marriage, relationship] sólido

    he is a strong swimmer/runner — es un buen nadador/corredor

    a strong performance from Philippa Lilly in the title roleuna actuación sólida or convincente por parte de Philippa Lilly en el papel de protagonista

    she is strong in maths — las matemáticas se le dan muy bien

    he's not very strong on grammar — no está muy fuerte en gramática

    discretion is not Jane's strong pointla discreción no es el fuerte de Jane

    there is a strong possibility that... — hay muchas posibilidades de que...

    suit 1., 3)
    9) (=severe, vehement) [words] subido de tono, fuerte; [denial] tajante

    strong language(=swearing) lenguaje m fuerte; (=frank) lenguaje m muy directo

    10) (=noticeable) [resemblance] marcado; [presence] fuerte

    he had a strong German accenttenía un fuerte or marcado acento alemán

    11) [features] pronunciado, marcado
    13) (Ling) [verb] irregular
    2. ADV
    *
    1)

    to come on strong — (=be harsh) ser duro, mostrarse demasiado severo

    don't you think you came on a bit strong there? — ¿no crees que fuiste un poco duro?, ¿no crees que te mostraste un poco severo?

    she was coming on strong(=showing attraction) se veía que él le gustaba

    2)

    to be going strong, the firm is still going strong — la empresa se mantiene próspera

    * * *

    I [strɔːŋ, strɒŋ]
    adjective stronger ['strɔːŋgər, 'strɒŋgə(r)], strongest ['strɔːŋgəst, 'strɒŋgɪst]
    1)
    a) ( physically powerful) <person/arm> fuerte

    to have strong nerves — tener* (los) nervios de acero

    to be strong\<\<person\>\> ser* fuerte or fornido; ( for lifting things etc) tener* fuerza

    to have a strong stomachtener* mucho estómago; ( lit) poder* comer de todo

    b) (healthy, sound) <heart/lungs> fuerte, sano; < constitution> robusto
    c) ( firm) <character/leader> fuerte; < leadership> firme
    2)
    a) ( solid) <material/construction> fuerte, resistente
    b) ( powerful) <country/army> fuerte, poderoso; <currency/economy> fuerte
    c) <current/wind> fuerte
    3)
    a) ( deeply held) <views/beliefs> firme; < faith> firme, sólido; < support> firme
    b) ( forceful) < protest> enérgico; <argument/evidence> de peso, contundente, convincente
    4) ( definite)
    a) <tendency/resemblance> marcado; < candidate> con muchas or buenas posibilidades

    she has a strong foreign accenttiene un fuerte or marcado acento extranjero

    b) < features> marcado, pronunciado; < chin> pronunciado
    5) ( good) < team> fuerte; < cast> sólido

    to be strong on something: she's strong on French history — su fuerte es la historia francesa

    6)
    a) ( concentrated) <color/light> fuerte, intenso; <tea/coffee> cargado; <beer/painkiller> fuerte; < solution> concentrado
    b) ( pungent) <smell/flavor> fuerte
    c) ( unacceptable) < language> fuerte, subido de tono
    7) ( in number) (no comp)

    II

    to be going strong\<\<car/machine\>\> marchar bien; \<\<organization\>\> ir* or marchar viento en popa

    English-spanish dictionary > strong

  • 20 strong

    1. adjective,
    1) (resistant) stark; gefestigt [Ehe]; stabil [Möbel]; solide, fest [Fundament, Schuhe]; streng [Vorschriften, Vorkehrungen]; robust [Konstitution, Magen, Stoff, Porzellan]

    you have to have a strong stomach(fig.) man muss einiges vertragen können

    2) (powerful) stark, kräftig [Person, Tier]; kräftig [Arme, Beine, Muskeln, Tritt, Schlag, Zähne]; stark [Linse, Brille, Strom, Magnet]; gut [Augen]

    as strong as a horse or an ox — (fig.) bärenstark (ugs.)

    3) (effective) stark [Regierung, Herrscher, Wille]; streng [Disziplin, Lehrer]; gut [Gedächtnis, Schüler]; fähig [Redner, Mathematiker]; (formidable) stark [Gegner, Kombination]; aussichtsreich [Kandidat]; (powerful in resources) reich [Nation, Land]; leistungsfähig [Wirtschaft]; stark [Besetzung, Delegation, Truppe, Kontingent usw.]
    4) (convincing) gut, handfest [Grund, Beispiel, Argument]

    there is a strong possibility that... — es ist sehr wahrscheinlich, dass...

    5) (vigorous, moving forcefully) stark; voll [Unterstützung]; fest [Überzeugung]; kraftvoll [Stil]; (fervent) glühend [Anhänger, Verfechter einer Sache]

    take strong measures/action — energisch vorgehen

    6) (affecting the senses) stark; kräftig, stark [Geruch, Geschmack, Stimme]; markant [Gesichtszüge]; (pungent) streng [Geruch, Geschmack]; kräftig [Käse]
    7) (concentrated) stark; kräftig [Farbe]

    I need a strong drinkich muss mir erst mal einen genehmigen (ugs.)

    8) (emphatic) stark [Ausdruck, Protest]; heftig [Worte, Wortwechsel]
    2. adverb

    they are still going strong(after years of marriage) mit ihnen geht es noch immer gut; (after hours of work) sie sind noch immer eifrig dabei

    * * *
    [stroŋ]
    1) (firm, sound, or powerful, and therefore not easily broken, destroyed, attacked, defeated, resisted, or affected by weariness, illness etc: strong furniture; a strong castle; a strong wind; She's a strong swimmer; He has a very strong will/personality; He has never been very strong (= healthy); He is not strong enough to lift that heavy table.) stark
    2) (very noticeable; very intense: a strong colour; a strong smell.) stark
    3) (containing a large amount of the flavouring ingredient: strong tea.) stark
    4) ((of a group, force etc) numbering a particular amount: An army 20,000 strong was advancing towards the town.) stark
    - academic.ru/71368/strongly">strongly
    - strength
    - strengthen
    - strongbox
    - strong drink
    - stronghold
    - strong language
    - strong-minded
    - strong point
    - strongroom
    - on the strength of
    * * *
    [strɒŋ, AM strɑ:ŋ]
    I. adj
    1. (powerful) stark
    this put him under a \strong temptation to steal it er geriet stark in Versuchung, es zu stehlen
    danger! \strong currents — do not swim here! Achtung! starke Strömung — Schwimmen verboten!
    \strong bonds starke Bande
    \strong character [or personality] starke Persönlichkeit
    \strong coffee starker Kaffee
    \strong competition starker Wettbewerb
    \strong desire brennendes Verlangen
    \strong doubts erhebliche Zweifel
    \strong economy leistungsfähige [o gesunde] Wirtschaft
    \strong evidence schlagender Beweis
    \strong impression prägender Eindruck; (impressive) sehr guter Eindruck
    \strong incentive großer Anreiz
    \strong influence großer Einfluss
    \strong language (vulgar) derbe Ausdrucksweise
    \strong lenses starke [Brillen]gläser
    \strong likeness frappierende [o verblüffende] Ähnlichkeit
    to take \strong measures against sb/sth energisch gegen jdn/etw vorgehen
    \strong medicine starkes Medikament
    to produce \strong memories lebhafte Erinnerungen hervorrufen
    \strong policies überzeugende Politik
    \strong praise großes Lob
    \strong protest scharfer [o energischer] Protest
    \strong reaction heftige Reaktion
    to have \strong reason to do sth gute Gründe haben, etw zu tun
    there is \strong reason to... es gibt einige Anzeichen dafür, dass...
    \strong resistance erbitterter Widerstand
    \strong rivalry ausgeprägte Rivalität
    \strong smell strenger Geruch
    in the \strongest of terms sehr energisch
    \strong trading links umfangreiche Handelsbeziehungen
    a \strong will ein starker Wille
    \strong winds heftige [o starke] Winde
    \strong wish großer Wunsch
    \strong yearning starke Sehnsucht
    2. (effective) gut, stark
    she's the \strongest candidate sie ist die beste Kandidatin
    to be \strong on sth gut in etw dat sein
    \strong favourite [or AM favorite] aussichtsreicher Favorit/aussichtsreiche Favoritin
    sb's \strong point [or BRIT, AUS also suit] jds Stärke
    tact is not her \strong point Takt ist nicht gerade ihre Stärke
    3. (physically powerful) kräftig, stark; (healthy) gesund, kräftig
    \strong constitution robuste Konstitution
    \strong eyes gute Augen
    to be as \strong as a horse [or an ox] bärenstark sein
    to have \strong nerves [or a \strong stomach] ( fig) allerhand verkraften können, sehr belastbar sein, ÖSTERR a. einen guten Magen haben
    4. (robust) stabil; (tough) person stark; share prices fest
    5. (deep-seated) überzeugt
    I felt \strong sympathy for him after all his misfortune er tat mir sehr leid nach all seinem Pech
    \strong antipathy [or dislike] unüberwindliche Abneigung
    \strong bias [or prejudice] unüberwindliches Vorurteil
    \strong conviction feste Überzeugung
    \strong emotions [or feelings] starke Gefühle
    \strong fear große Angst
    \strong objections starke Einwände
    \strong opinion vorgefasste Meinung
    \strong tendency deutliche [o klare] Tendenz
    to have \strong views on sth eine Meinung über etw akk energisch vertreten
    6. (staunch)
    to be a \strong believer in sth fest an etw akk glauben
    \strong friends loyale [o treue] Freunde
    \strong friendship unerschütterliche Freundschaft
    \strong opponent überzeugter Gegner/überzeugte Gegnerin
    \strong supporter überzeugter Anhänger/überzeugte Anhängerin
    7. (very likely) groß, hoch, stark
    \strong chances of success hohe [o gute] Erfolgsaussichten
    \strong likelihood [or probability] hohe Wahrscheinlichkeit
    8. after n, inv (in number) stark
    our club is currently about eighty \strong unser Klub hat derzeit 80 Mitglieder [o ist derzeit 80 Mann stark
    9. (marked) stark
    \strong accent starker Akzent
    10. (bright) hell, kräftig
    \strong colour [or AM color] kräftige [o leuchtende] Farbe
    \strong light grelles Licht
    11. (pungent) streng
    \strong flavour [or AM flavor] intensiver [o kräftiger] Geschmack
    \strong odour penetranter [o strenger] Geruch
    \strong smell beißender [o stechender] Geruch
    12. FIN hart, stabil, stark
    \strong currency harte [o starke] Währung
    II. adv ( fam)
    to come on \strong (sexually) rangehen fam; (aggressively) in Fahrt kommen fam
    he's always coming on \strong to me er macht mich permanent an
    to come on too \strong sich akk zu sehr aufregen, übertrieben reagieren
    still going \strong noch gut in Form [o fam Schuss]
    * * *
    [strɒŋ]
    1. adj (+er)
    1) stark; (physically) person, material, kick, hands kräftig, stark; grip, voice kräftig; table, bolt, nail, wall stabil, solide; shoes fest; (= strongly marked) features ausgeprägt

    you need a strong stomach to be a nurseals Krankenschwester muss man allerhand verkraften können

    2) (= healthy) kräftig; person, constitution robust, kräftig; teeth, eyes, eyesight, heart, nerves gut
    3) (= powerful, effective) stark; character, conviction, views fest; country mächtig; candidate, case aussichtsreich; influence, temptation groß, stark; reason, argument, evidence überzeugend; protest, plea energisch; measure drastisch; letter geharnischt, in starken Worten abgefasst; (LITER) plot, sequence, passage, performance gut, stark (inf)

    to have strong feelings/views about sth — in Bezug auf etw (acc) stark engagiert sein

    I didn't know you had such strong feelings about it — ich habe nicht gewusst, dass Ihnen so viel daran liegt or dass Ihnen das so viel bedeutet; (against it) ich habe nicht gewusst, dass Sie so dagegen sind

    she has very strong feelings about him — sie hat sehr viel für ihn übrig; (as candidate etc) sie hält sehr viel von ihm; (against him) sie ist vollkommen gegen ihn

    his strong pointseine Stärke

    I had a strong sense of déjà-vuich hatte ganz den Eindruck, das schon einmal gesehen zu haben

    there is a strong possibility that... — es ist überaus wahrscheinlich, dass...

    4) (in numbers) stark
    5) (= capable) gut, stark (inf)

    he is strong in/on sth — etw ist seine Stärke or starke Seite

    6) (= enthusiastic, committed) begeistert; supporter, Catholic, socialist überzeugt; belief, faith unerschütterlich, stark
    7) food deftig; smell, perfume etc stark; (= pungent, unpleasant) smell, taste streng; (of butter) ranzig; colour, light kräftig; acid, bleach stark; solution konzentriert
    8) accent, verb, rhyme stark; syllable etc betont
    9) (FIN) market, economy gesund; price stabil; currency stark
    2. adv (+er)

    to be going strong (old person, thing)gut in Schuss sein (inf); (runner) gut in Form sein; (party, rehearsals) in Schwung sein (inf)

    that's (coming it) a bit strong! —

    * * *
    strong [strɒŋ]
    A adj (adv strongly)
    1. allg
    a) stark (Ähnlichkeit, Gift, Nerven etc):
    temptation is strong for sb to do sth die Versuchung, etwas zu tun, ist groß für jemanden;
    strong at home SPORT heimstark
    b) kräftig (Farben, Stimme etc):
    strong man POL starker Mann;
    strong mind scharfer Verstand, kluger Kopf; feeling A 5, point A 24, sex A 2
    2. fig tüchtig, gut, stark ( alle:
    in in dat):
    he’s strong in mathematics
    3. fig stark (Glaube etc), fest (Überzeugung etc):
    be strong against sth entschieden gegen etwas sein;
    strong face energisches oder markantes Gesicht
    4. stark, mächtig (Nation etc):
    a company 200 strong MIL eine 200 Mann starke Kompanie;
    a nine-strong team ein neun Mann starkes Team;
    our club is 100 strong unser Klub hat 100 Mitglieder;
    an 8,000-strong community eine 8000-Seelen-Gemeinde
    5. fig aussichtsreich (Kandidat etc)
    6. fig gewichtig, überzeugend, zwingend, schwerwiegend (Argument etc)
    7. fig energisch, entschlossen (Anstrengungen etc):
    with a strong hand mit starker Hand;
    use strong language Kraftausdrücke gebrauchen;
    strong word Kraftausdruck m;
    strongly worded in scharfen Worten formuliert
    8. überzeugt, eifrig (Tory etc)
    9. schwer (Parfüm, Wein etc)
    10. schwer, fest (Schuhe)
    11. scharf riechend oder schmeckend, übel riechend oder schmeckend:
    strong flavo(u)r scharfer oder strenger Geschmack;
    strong butter ranzige Butter
    12. WIRTSCH
    a) fest (Markt)
    b) lebhaft (Nachfrage)
    c) anziehend (Preise)
    13. LING stark (Deklination, Verb)
    B adv
    1. stark, nachdrücklich, energisch:
    a) rangehen umg,
    b) auftrumpfen
    2. umg tüchtig, mächtig:
    be going strong gut in Schuss oder in Form sein;
    come ( oder go) it strong, come on strong
    a) sich (mächtig) ins Zeug legen umg,
    b) auftrumpfen;
    come it too strong dick auftragen umg, übertreiben
    * * *
    1. adjective,
    1) (resistant) stark; gefestigt [Ehe]; stabil [Möbel]; solide, fest [Fundament, Schuhe]; streng [Vorschriften, Vorkehrungen]; robust [Konstitution, Magen, Stoff, Porzellan]

    you have to have a strong stomach(fig.) man muss einiges vertragen können

    2) (powerful) stark, kräftig [Person, Tier]; kräftig [Arme, Beine, Muskeln, Tritt, Schlag, Zähne]; stark [Linse, Brille, Strom, Magnet]; gut [Augen]

    as strong as a horse or an ox — (fig.) bärenstark (ugs.)

    3) (effective) stark [Regierung, Herrscher, Wille]; streng [Disziplin, Lehrer]; gut [Gedächtnis, Schüler]; fähig [Redner, Mathematiker]; (formidable) stark [Gegner, Kombination]; aussichtsreich [Kandidat]; (powerful in resources) reich [Nation, Land]; leistungsfähig [Wirtschaft]; stark [Besetzung, Delegation, Truppe, Kontingent usw.]
    4) (convincing) gut, handfest [Grund, Beispiel, Argument]

    there is a strong possibility that... — es ist sehr wahrscheinlich, dass...

    5) (vigorous, moving forcefully) stark; voll [Unterstützung]; fest [Überzeugung]; kraftvoll [Stil]; (fervent) glühend [Anhänger, Verfechter einer Sache]

    take strong measures/action — energisch vorgehen

    6) (affecting the senses) stark; kräftig, stark [Geruch, Geschmack, Stimme]; markant [Gesichtszüge]; (pungent) streng [Geruch, Geschmack]; kräftig [Käse]
    7) (concentrated) stark; kräftig [Farbe]
    8) (emphatic) stark [Ausdruck, Protest]; heftig [Worte, Wortwechsel]
    2. adverb

    they are still going strong (after years of marriage) mit ihnen geht es noch immer gut; (after hours of work) sie sind noch immer eifrig dabei

    * * *
    adj.
    kampfstark adj.
    stark adj.

    English-german dictionary > strong

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